§ 39.1. Definition of ‘‘establishment.’’

 Any person who violates this subchapter or any regulations of the Department or who interferes with the Department or its duly authorized representative in the enforcement of these provisions or regulations shall be subject to summary proceedings before an alderman, magistrate or district justice, and upon conviction shall be penalized under section 15 of act of May 18, 1937 (No. 174) (43 P. S. §  25-15).

   This section cited in 34 Pa. Code §  39.4 (relating to effect).

REQUIREMENTS

§ 39.11. Removal and replacement of guards.

 (a)  The hand dressing of belts while they are driving machinery is prohibited.

 (b)  Belts shall not be placed on pulleys or taken off pulleys by direct hand method while the pulleys are in motion.

 (c)  The cleaning and oiling of machinery while in motion is prohibited in all places where exposure to hazardous contact is involved.

RECOMMENDATIONS

§ 39.21. Machinery—general precautions.

 (a)  No wrench or other tool should be left on a lathe chuck when the operator leaves a machine, as someone else may start the machine and be injured by the object flying off.

 (b)  In order to avoid accidental injury, no employe should engage a fellow worker in conversation while either is operating a hazardous machine.

 (c)  No employe should attempt to operate any machine or apparatus unless he is familiar with its operation, and has been so directed by the foreman or other authorized person.

 (a)  Clear travelways. All roadways, walkways, aisles, or other foot, crane, or vehicular travelways should be clearly marked or otherwise well defined. They should be kept in good repair and free from all debris and obstacles. All walkways above the level of the ground shall be equipped with railings and toeboards in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 47, Subchapter G (relating to railings, toeboards, open-sided floors, platforms, and runways). All aisles, emergency exits, and other passageways should be kept clear of tools or material of any kind.

 (b)  Slipping hazards. Puddles or drippings of oil, grease, water, or other liquids should be rendered harmless by mopping up and strewing sand or sawdust on the floor until the floor is dry. Oil-soaked sawdust should be disposed of promptly to prevent spontaneous ignition. Drippings on floors should be prevented by eliminating the cause or by placing drip pans in position until the cause is eliminated.

 (c)  Falling tools. Workmen working at elevated levels should not strew their tools about carelessly. Tools should be carried in tool belts or kept in tool boxes when not in actual use. The practice of throwing tools from one level to another should be discouraged. They should be raised or lowered with light ropes or passed from hand to hand. The practice of working above unsheltered workmen should be actively discouraged at all times. Tools or material should never be piled or leaned against anything.

 (d)  Piling of materials. Materials should be piled as follows:

   (1)  General. All material needing to be piled should be carefully piled to prevent falling. When piling material near travelways, special care should be exercised to eliminate any possible hazard from piles being knocked over. Piles should not extend into travelways.

   (2)  Light. Piles of material should not interfere with the adequate distribution of natural or artificial light, but should comply with Chapter 27 (relating to lighting).

   (3)  Height and extent. Material should not be piled to a height which would render the pile unstable or which would interfere with the operation of a sprinkler system. Piles should not be placed so close to equipment as to hinder operators in the proper operation of their machines or expose them to hazard from slides or falls of material.

   (4)  Binding. Wherever possible the stability of piles should be increased by piling alternate layers crosswise or, in the case of long piles, by criss-crossing at the ends or using binder strips.

   (5)  Round objects. Piles of barrels, rolls of paper, pipe or other cylindrical material should be carefully blocked at the center and at both ends to prevent spreading.

   (6)  Bags. In piling heavy bagged material the first four end bags of each pile should be cross-tied and a step-back of one bag should be made at every fifth bag in height. All bags in the outer tiers should have the mouths facing the center of the pile so that if any bags break open at the neck the pile will sag toward the center. In unpiling, the piles should be kept at an approximately even height and the necessary step-back maintained.

   (7)  Retaining walls. Walls or partitions should not be used to brace piled materials unless of sufficient known strength to withstand the pressure.

   (8)  Piles of loose materials. Substantial retaining walls or partitions should be provided for the storage of loose coal, sand, gravel, stone, or similar materials in restricted areas, and wherever possible, such loose materials and scrap should be kept in storage bins.

   (9)  Sides and undermining. Persons working about banks and piles of coal, sand, gravel, stone, or similar materials should avoid undermining to start slides and insure that no person is in danger from any slides of material. All overhanging ledges should be knocked down as soon as formed, especially in winter when the upper crusts are likely to become frozen.

   (10)  Loading vehicles. Material piled on vehicles for transportation should be limited to an amount which constitutes a safe load based on the distance it is to be transported, the type of equipment used, and the character of the surface over which it is to be transported. Material should be so piled and secured that it cannot be jarred loose by ordinary vibration. The load should not project to an extent which renders it liable to catch on buildings or projecting piles or which would cause the load to topple over. Highway motor vehicles should have all load projections which extend beyond the body of the vehicle in the front or the rear, conspicuously marked by a piece of red material in daylight and a red light at night attached at the farthest points of projection in front and rear. The combined overall length, width, height, and weight of motor vehicles and loads should conform to the 75 Pa.C.S. (relating to Vehicle Code).

   (11)  Elevators and loaded trucks. When loaded trucks are moved on or off an elevator, the elevator should be brought level with the floor and plates should be used to bridge the space between the elevator and the floor if such space creates a tipping hazard.

 (e)  Clear travelways and work places. Loose-board material and other objects or materials should not be permitted to remain strewn haphazardly on the floor or ground in places where persons have to walk or work, but should be piled up neatly. No loose material of any description should be permitted to remain unsecured in an overhead position.

 (f)  Nails. Nails should conform to the following:

   (1)  Loose nails should not be permitted to remain strewn on any floor, scaffold, working platform or other place where persons walk.

   (2)  All upturned or protruding nails should be withdrawn or clinched into the wood.

   (3)  After the head of a barrel is removed, all exposed or protruding nails around the top should be withdrawn.

   (4)  Pointless nails should be used for core room and foundry work.

 (g)  Sharp edged scrap. All objects with sharp edges, such as scraps of glass, tin, sheet metal, and the like, should not be thrown into waste baskets or other containers ordinarily used for other debris, but should be placed in separate containers. Neither should such material be permitted to remain on floors except during operations normally resulting in its creation. In such cases, containers should be provided to catch such waste material as it drops from machines or benches and the floors should be frequently cleaned up each day to prevent accumulations.

 (h)  Cleaning up debris. All rags, waste paper, bits of broken lumber, excelsior, packing materials and other inflammable debris should be cleaned up daily from under workbenches, behind machines, and all other spaces, and be kept in suitably covered containers.

 (i)  Gummed or caked surfaces. Surfaces which become gummed or caked with accumulated dirt, paint, grease or other material creating a slipping hazard, should be scraped or otherwise kept clean. Snow and ice should be promptly removed from all walkways and work places. Icicles hanging over walkways and work places should be knocked down.

 (j)  Dust elimination. Dry sweeping in workrooms should be permitted only where there is no dust hazard or where the nature of the work performed precludes the use of other methods; otherwise, all floors should be sprinkled with water before sweeping. The use of disinfecting solutions in the water is also recommended. The practice of using damp sawdust or other wetted materials is acceptable in lieu of sprinkling water, especially around electric equipment where the use of water might create a hazard.

 (k)  Spitting. In order to prevent the spread of infection, the practice of spitting on the floor, on piles of material, in waste products, in corners, or in reservoirs of machine cutting oils or compounds should not be permitted. All machine-cutting oils or compounds should be frequently sterilized by boiling or by the addition of a germ-killing solution. Persons subject to sores or susceptible to skin irritations, should not operate a machine using cutting oils or compounds.

 (a)  General. Handtools should only be used if in a safe condition. If unsafe conditions are discovered, they should be immediately reported to the foreman, who shall have them corrected.

 (b)  Handles. Wooden handles of handtools should be of the best straight-grained material. Handles which become excessively burned or worn, or which are cracked or badly splintered should be removed from service. Reference should also be made to subsection (e).

 (c)  Heads. When repaired in the shop where used, the heads of all handtools requiring handles, except blacksmith tools, should be substantially fastened to the handles by experienced persons in order to eliminate the hazard of improperly fastened heads flying off. No tools or stencils with mushroomed heads should be permitted in service. This applies to tools owned by the workmen themselves as well as company tools.

 (d)  Storage. No handtools should be permitted to lie on the floor, ground, or working platform when not in use for any length of time, but should be kept in the proper receptacles or storage places. Axes, hatchets, adzes or knives should be placed in receptacles provided for the purpose. For temporary purposes only, the cutting edge of the tool should be driven into a flat in places where persons will not trip over them or lodged vertically in corners or racks where they timber far enough to hold the tool in an upright position.

 (e)  Specific tools. Specific tools should also conform to the following:

   (1)  Striking handtools. Handtools should always be struck with wooden, soft metal, rawhide or rubber hammers or mallets if the part receiving the blow is case hardened or tempered. Such hammers or mallets should also be used where inflammable or explosive gases or vapors are present. Sheets of brass or other soft metal may be used to receive blows, but should not be battered to an extent which would create a hazard of flying particles. Hand striking tools which show any signs of cracking should be removed immediately from service. Hammers and hatchets with corrugated driving faces for driving flat-headed nails should not be used for driving brads or nails with rounded heads because of the increased hazard of flying nails. A machinist’s hammer should not be used for driving nails, and a carpenter’s hammer should not be used for machine work.

   (2)  Wrenches. Wrenches should conform to the following:

     (i)   All wrenches should properly fit the nuts, bolts, or other objects they are used to turn. Unless closed wrenches are used, the practice of using thin pieces of material as shims to make an oversize wrench fit should not be permitted. A wrench should be put on so that the jaws do not spread and cause slippage.

     (ii)   Wrenches should not be used as hammers.

     (iii)   The use of wrenches which have excessively worn threads, nuts, or pawls, or battered or defective jaws or handles should be prohibited.

     (iv)   The practice of tightening bolts, nuts, clamps or other fixtures on moving machine parts with wrenches while the machine is in motion should be prohibited.

     (v)   Monkey wrenches should always be placed on the objects to be turned so that the wrench faces forward in the same direction that the handle is to turn.

     (vi)   Safety release or ratchet-type wrenches should be used only in opening drop bottom cars or wagons.

   (3)  Keen edged or pointed tools. Care should be exercised in the use of adzes or draw knives to insure that no part of the body is close enough to the point being worked on to be endangered by a slip of the tool. When cutting with a hand knife, the direction of the cut should always be away from the body. Keen edged or pointed tools, such as axes, hatchets, adzes, saws, knives, chisels, bits, lineman climbers, or similar tools should not be carried in a manner which endangers the bearer or persons passing him, nor should a long screw driver or other pointed tool project from a pocket when carried.

   (4)  Files. All hand files should be provided with handles. The tine of a file should not be used as a center punch.

   (5)  Wood chisels. Wood chisels should be provided with substantial handles. If struck with mallets, a metal or leather band should be placed at the end of the handle to prevent spreading.

   (6)  Screwdrivers. Screwdrivers of proper sizes should be used at all times by workmen requiring them. Screwdrivers should not be used for purposes for which they were not intended. Those which are bent, or which have rounded corners or splintered handles should be removed from service. A screwdriver should never be held in one hand and the material being worked on in the other, as it may slip and injure hands.

   (7)  Picks, shovels, forks, bars, rakes, and hoes. Picks and shovels should always be stacked or struck into the ground so that the handles stand upright; horizontal storing should be permitted only where it creates no tripping hazard. The handle of a shovel should never be pushed on with one’s body, as this may cause one to rupture himself. Forks should be stacked or stuck into the ground so that the handles stand upright. They may also be hung, handles down, in pegs on walls. Rakes and hoes should always be stood or hung with the head off the ground and the handle pointing downward. Crowbars should always be laid flat in places where persons will not trip over them or else lodged vertically in corners or racks where they cannot fall over. Ordinary crowbars should not be used to move cars; specially adapted bars should be provided for this purpose. All dull or broken ended crowbars should be removed from service. When using a crow or pinchbar to move weights, the hands should be so placed that they cannot strike other objects as the bar moves under pressure.

 (a)  Punch presses. Punch press operators should not remove any safeguards without the permission of the foreman. The driving motor on punch presses shall be shut down before dies are changed, and power shears should be shut down before any adjustments are made on them. The motor of any machine should be shut down when unattended.

 (b)  Lathes. No chuck or face plate should be put on a lathe by power, nor should any chuck wrench or key be left in a chuck. When filing on a lathe, the file should be held so that if it is forced back it will not be forced against the user, but to one side. Filing should be left-handed with the right hand across stock when filing near the chuck end of a lathe.

 (c)  Drills. Any material to be drilled should be securely fastened, but never held by hand. Hands, cotton waste or rags should never be used to brush borings away from the work; a brush should always be employed for this purpose.

 (d)  Grinders. Any material to be ground should be held firmly against the steady rest in front of the wheel. Such steady rest should be properly adjusted and as near to the wheel as possible. The sides of emery wheels should never be used for grinding unless they are designed for side grinding.

 (a)  General. Superfluous material and loose fitting clothing should be avoided in the presence of a hazard from moving machine parts. Excessively wide or long aprons should not be worn around moving machinery. Aprons should never be tied on with wire and should be but lightly secured, so that they may be easily torn loose by hand. In the presence of a fire hazard, aprons of nonflammable material should be used.

 (b)  Head coverings. Persons working in shops around machinery which presents a hair-catching hazard should wear caps or other types of head covering. Caps should also be worn if there is danger of the hair-catching fire. Caps with metal buttons or metal visors should not be worn around electrical hazards. Women working about machines should wear caps at all times.

 (c)  Footwear. For normal shop wear, shoes with unbroken soles and low or medium height broad heels should be used. If there is a possibility of heavy objects dropping on the feet, the toes should be boxed or reinforced. For hazardous occupations, such as the handling of hot metal, acids, caustics, electric current, and hot substances, or other objects offering a burning hazard to the feet, specially adapted types of footwear are available and should be worn.

 (d)  Leg protection. Protective leg covering (clothing or devices) should be worn when handling hot metals, acids, caustics or other hot or cold substances offering a burning or scalding hazard. The material of which they are made should be determined by the nature of the product being handled. Full length leg or body protection should be used if the nature of the operation presents a full length leg or body hazard. The method of fastening all protective leg covering should be such as to permit instantaneous removal.

 (e)  Hand or arm protection. Unless the hands come close to rotating or otherwise moving machine parts, gloves, mitts, hand pads, or other hand or arm protection should be worn when handling objects with sharp edges or which contain splinters, fins, slivers, or similar dangerous projecting parts. The material used and the shape and style of the gloves, mitts, or hand pads should be determined by the nature of the operation and the hazard against which it is desired to project. Gloves or other hand or arm protection against heat or fire, hot or corrosive substances, electricity or similar hazards, such as the handling of plates of glass, should be long enough to cover the space between the wrist and the end of the shirt or coat sleeve.

 (f)  Flammable attire. Articles of wearing apparel or personal adornment, including spectacle rims, collars, eye shades, or cap visors, composed principally of some form of cellulose should not be worn in the presence of a spark or fire hazard. Clothing rendered quickly flammable by grease or other substances should also not be worn by persons exposed to a fire hazard.

 (g)  Head and eye protection. Goggles or other forms of head and eye protection should be worn during the performance of all operations involving hazard to the head or eyes. Subchapter C (relating to head and eye protection) should also be complied with.

 (h)  Sterilization before interchange. The interchange of personal protective devices among employes without first having been sterilized should be avoided.

 (i)  Lifebelts. All persons working aloft should be required to wear lifebelts properly secured when exposed to a falling hazard.

 (j)  Special requirements for women. All industrial plants employing women should conform to the following, in addition to the other requirements of this section:

   (1)  Work dresses should suit the job to be safe.

   (2)  Jewelry should be prohibited on the job.

   (3)  Correct footwear should include well-fitted shoes with low heels and good soles. If the job requires it, safety shoes should be worn.

 (a)  General. Hands and tools should be kept away from all electric circuits and apparatus.

 (b)  Grounding for static. If static electricity exists, belts and rapidly moving parts of machines should be grounded. In the presence of explosive or flammable gases or dust, no metal lacings or metal plates for fastening belts should be used.

 (c)  Sparking motors. In gaseous or dusty locations, the hazard from sparking commutators should be eliminated by using an induction type of motor, or a type approved by the United States Bureau of Mines as explosion-proof.

 (d)  Drop and portable installations. Only heavy, reinforced cords, known in the trade as packing house or brewery cord, should be used in connection with portable lamps or tools. They should be kept well insulated and be so laid or strung as not to create a tripping or catching hazard. All electrical handtools and other drop or portable installations should be well insulated. They should be frequently inspected and tested for current leaks. All frayed cords or other unserviceable and hazardous parts should be immediately removed from service. Portable extension lights should be equipped with guards for the bulbs and sockets.

 (e)  Connected equipment. Electrically connected equipment should not be installed, repaired, or removed, except by trained electricians or workmen under their immediate personal supervision. If electrical hazards are encountered in the course of other work, such work should be stopped immediately until a trained electrician is available to supervise such work until the electrical hazards are removed.

 (f)  Pole and high tension work. Electricians working on poles or other places where a falling hazard exists should always wear safety belts. On high tension work rubber gloves should also be worn. The gloves should be tested to detect the presence of holes before each use.

 (g)  Open switch protection. If possible, no work should be performed on high voltage electrical equipment until the current is turned off. Switches which are opened for that purpose should be locked or blocked open and a suitable warning device placed on the switch.

 (h)  Water contact. No stream of water used for extinguishing a fire, cleaning, or other purposes should be permitted to come in contact with electrical equipment at any time. This does not apply to water-cooled bearings or similar equipment.

 (i)  Pulling fuses. Fuses should not be pulled with the bare hands. Rubber gloves or fibre fuse pullers should be used for this purpose.

 (j)  Rubber mats. Rubber mats should be placed in front of all switchboards and panelboards.

 (a)  Material of length, such as pipe, lumber or ladders, when carried by one man, should be so carried that the front end is high enough to avoid striking persons approaching from around corners or from other projections.

 (b)  The carrying of very heavy objects by a gang of men should be personally supervised by the foreman or gang leader, who should be prepared at all times to assist, instruct, and prevent injury to new or inexperienced men in the gang. He should be responsible for developing distinct and separate signals for simultaneously lifting or dropping heavy objects by the gang.

 (a)  Employes should keep from under a load being swung, hoisted, lowered, or backed up. No person should ride on top of a crane bridge or carriage or on the load. A craneman should not move cranes with chains swinging full length, or while hookmen or others are in the way. The crane cable should not be held above the sheave block, as the fingers of the holder may be drawn into the block.

 (a)  Defective wheels. Vehicles with wheels or other parts that are broken, cracked, or otherwise defective should be removed from service until the defective parts have been repaired or replaced with parts free from defects.

 (b)  Wheel mounting. Whenever practical, the wheels of vehicles should be mounted on axles inside the frame of the vehicle or inside the bearing which attaches them to the vehicle.

 (c)  Hand trucks. Two-wheeled handtrucks should always be parked in a vertical position at racks which will prevent them from falling over or in a horizontal position at locations not used for travelways. Truck handles should not be left extended on the floor. Whenever the construction permits, they should be secured in an upright position by means of springs, weights or retaining hooks or latches.

 (d)  Suspended loads. The practice of working under suspended vehicles supported only by a light chain, rope or single block should not be permitted. Working or walking under any suspended load should also not be permitted.

 (e)  Magnets. Working or walking under a load suspended by an electric magnet is prohibited pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 25, Subchapter B (relating to cranes, booms and hoists).

 (f)  Counterweights. Where the possibility of contact with persons exists, all counterweights shall be enclosed sufficiently to prevent fouling or striking persons.

 (g)  Blocking. All trucks or other vehicles being loaded should be properly chocked or blocked if there is a possibility of the vehicle moving by gravity or from jars.

 (h)  Securing loads. All loads not fully contained or supported by the vehicle carrying them should be secured to the vehicle by chains, cables, ropes, blocks, chocks or other effective devices.

 (i)  Runways or ramps. Runways or ramps on which wheelbarrows and handtrucks are operated should be so constructed that the wheels run on solid boards and not on cracks between boards. Workmen should not be permitted or required to operate wheelbarrows or handtrucks over runways or ramps which have the entire surface cleated to prevent slipping. Sufficient smooth space should be left for the passage of the wheels.

 (j)  Exhaust from engines. Internal combustion engines should not be started or permitted to run in spaces which are not thoroughly ventilated unless the exhaust is piped to the outside air.

 (k)  Filling procedure. When filling the tank of any internal combustion engine, the nozzle of the hose should always be kept in direct contact with the tank being filled, and the engine should be stopped during the operation.

 (a)  Dusts. If dusts are likely to be present, there should be compliance with the following:

   (1)  The striking of matches; the smoking of cigars, cigarettes, or pipes; the use of open flames, open fire, open lights or arc-forming electrical equipment in the presence of explosive or inflammable gases or explosive organic or metallic dusts should not be permitted. The use of materials creating such dusts around electrical equipment should not be permitted unless such equipment is properly protected.

   (2)  All electric light globes shall be protected by a vapor-proof globe and guard in the presence of an inflammable or explosive dust hazard, as provided in Subchapter B (relating to electric safety).

   (3)  Extreme care should be exercised by all persons to prevent the introduction of metal parts into conveyor or disposal systems where an explosive dust hazard exists.

   (4)  Explosive metallic or organic dust should not be allowed to accumulate on floors, rafters, beams, machinery or other loading places from which it may be blown by vibration or air currents.

 (b)  Gases. If gases are present, there should be compliance with the following:

   (1)  The provisions of subsection (a)(1).

   (2)  Gas leaks should not be sought with matches, candles, or other open flame lights. Soapy water is an excellent detector of gas leaks.

   (3)  Where oxygen, acetylene, or similar gases piped from a central point are used in quantity at permanent work places, they should be piped to the point of usage in permanent tubing or piping.

   (4)  Grease or oil should not be used to lubricate the valves or joints of compressed gas containers. Acetylene should not be used at more than 15 pounds pressure per square inch. The valves of all containers should be tightly closed at all times when not actually in use, especially when connected with torches or other apparatus and particularly at the end of the daily work and on all supposedly empty containers.

   (5)  Containers of compressed gas should not be subjected to dropping, bumping, rough handling or temperature in excess of normal atmosphere. Such containers should always be maintained in a horizontal position unless cribs or racks are provided to prevent them from falling if maintained in an upright position.

   (6)  Compressed gas containers should not be permitted to remain in direct contact with sunlight during warm weather.

 (c)  Volatile liquids. The use of volatile liquids should conform to the following:

   (1)  The use of matches, cigars, cigarettes, pipes, open flame or fire-producing equipment should be prohibited in all places where inflammable or explosive volatile liquids or oils are stored, handled, or used. Leaky gasoline containers should not be soldered until all traces of gasoline vapor have been removed.

   (2)  Adequate ventilation should be applied to operations where toxic volatile liquids are used in cleaning or degreasing operations, particularly carbon tetrachloride, perchlorethylene and trichloroethylene. This requirement is not applicable if nonhazardous liquids or materials are used and it is strongly recommended that substitute safe means be employed.

 (a)  All landing doors or gates at the entrances to shaftways should be closed and locked when the car is not at such landings. This shall be accomplished in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 7 (relating to elevators, lifts, escalators, dumbwaiters, hoists and tramways). Any door or gate not so arranged is a serious hazard which should be corrected immediately.

 (b)  All shaftway and car enclosures should be maintained in perfect condition.

 (c)  Material should not be piled outside of a shaftway higher than the enclosure, nor should any material be stored in a shaftway or on the top of a car.

 (d)  No elevator should be operated with the car gate open if a gate is provided.

 (a)  Caps. Blasting caps and electric blasting caps are copper shells which protect and contain a very sensitive explosive which will explode from shock, heat, or by friction or by spark. The explosive contained in caps should not be touched, picked or disturbed in any manner. No caps or other explosives should be carried in pockets, nor should they be left in a place where children or others may meddle with them.

 (b)  Storage. The storage of explosives should conform to the following:

   (1)  Explosives should not be stored, used, or handled in or near any place of residence.

   (2)  No vehicle containing explosives should be left unattended, unless the brake is set, the engine is stopped, and the vehicle is left in gear.

   (3)  A competent person should always be in charge of explosives and magazines in which explosives are stored. Such person should keep the magazine key and should be responsible for seeing that all proper safety precautions are taken.

   (4)  If artificial lighting is required, only an electric flashlight or electric lantern should be used. Oil-burning or chemical lamps, lanterns, candles, or matches should not be used.

   (5)  The ground around magazines should be kept clear of leaves, grass, trash, stumps, or other debris, in order to minimize the likelihood of fire reaching the explosives.

   (6)  Explosives should not be stored in any dwelling, blacksmith shop, barn, or any other place where loss of life or property damage might occur, in the event of an accident.

 (a)  Trenches and excavations. There shall be compliance with all the provisions of Chapter 33 (relating to mines and other excavations) if work is performed in trenches and excavations.

 (a)  All injuries should be reported at once to the dispensary or hospital for treatment.

 (b)  Under act of July 19, 1913 (No. 408) (43 P. S. §  12), all accidents incurred in the course of employment and causing disability in excess of the working shift or turn in which the injury was received shall be reported by the employer to the Department within 15 days from the date of the injury, except that injuries resulting in the death of an employe shall be reported within 48 hours from the time of the injury.

Subchapter B. ELECTRIC SAFETY

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec.

§ 39.51. Definitions.

 The following words and terms, when used in this subchapter, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

   Alive or live—Electrically connected to a source of potential differences or electrically charged so as to have a potential different from that of the earth. This term may be used in place of the term ‘‘current-carrying’’ where the intent is clear, to avoid repetitions of the longer term.

   Apparent sag (at any point)—The departure of the wire at the particular point in the span from the straight line between the two points of support of the span, at 60°F with no wind loading.

   Apparent sag of a span—The departure of the wire in a given span from the straight line between the two points of support of the span, at 60°F with no wind loading. If the two supports are at the same level this shall be the normal sag.

   Authorized—Qualified.

   Automatic—Self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence, as for example, a change in current strength, not manual, without personal intervention. Remote control which requires personal intervention is not automatic, but manual.

   Cable vault—Manhole.

   Chief operator—The official in charge of safeguarding operations.

   Circuit—A conductor or system of conductors through which an electric current is designed to flow, and connected equipment.

   Climbing space—The vertical space reserve along the side of a pole structure to permit ready access for linemen to equipment and lines located on the pole structure.

   Conductor—A metallic conducting material, usually in the form of a wire or cable, suitable for carrying an electric current, not including bus bars.

   Conflicting—If applied to a pole line, this term shall mean a line so situated with respect to a second line, except at crossings, that the overturning of the first line will result in contact between its poles or conductors and the conductors of the second line, assuming that no conductors are broken in either line. Lines on opposite sides of a highway, street or alley are not considered as conflicting if separated by a distance not less than 60% of the height of the taller pole line, but in no case less than 20 feet.

   Conduit—If used in reference to underground work, this term shall mean a group of any number of ducts for underground cables.

   Current-carrying part—A part intended to be connected in an electric circuit to a source of voltage. Noncurrent-carrying parts are those not intended to be so connected.

   Cutout—Any device, such as a fuse or circuit breaker, by which the electrical continuity of a conductor may be automatically broken by changes in current or voltage.

   Dead—Free from any electrical connection to a source of potential difference and from electrical charge; not having a potential different from that of the earth. This term is used only with reference to current-carrying parts which are sometimes alive.

   Disconnector—A switch intended to open a circuit only after the load has been thrown off by some other means. Manual switches designed for opening circuits are usually installed in circuit with disconnectors to provide a safe means for opening the circuit under load.

   Duct—If used in reference to underground work, this term shall mean a single tubular runway for underground cables.

   Electrical supply equipment—Equipment which produces, modifies, regulates, controls, or safeguards a supply of electrical energy. Similar equipment is excluded if used in connection with signaling systems when the voltage does not exceed 150 or when the voltage is between 150 and 400 and the power transmitted does not exceed three kilowatts.

   Electrical supply lines—Those conductors and their necessary supporting or containing structures which are located entirely outside of buildings and are used for transmitting a supply of electrical energy. This shall not include open wiring on buildings in yards or similar locations where spans are less than 20 feet, and all the precautions required for stations or utilization equipment, as the case may be, are observed. Railway signal lines above 400 volts to ground are always supply lines within the meaning of this subchapter and those below 400 volts may be considered as supply lines, if so run and operated throughout.

   Electrical supply station—Any building, room or separate space within which is located electrical supply equipment and which is generally accessible only to properly qualified persons. Included are generating stations and substations and generator, storage battery, and transformer rooms, but not manholes and isolated transformer vaults on private premises.

   Enclosed—In locations where inflammable flyings, inflammable dust or explosives are present in dangerous quantities; an inclosure which will not admit accumulations of flying or dust, nor transmit sparks or flying particles to the accumulation outside.

   Explosion-proof—In locations where the presence of inflammable gas makes the atmosphere explosive in character, an enclosure which will withstand, without injury and without transmitting flame to the outside, any explosion of gas which may occur in the enclosures.

   Exposed—Able to be inadvertently touched or approached nearer than a safe distance by any person, as applied to objects not suitably guarded or isolated.

   Grounded—Connected to earth or to some extended conducting body which serves instead of the earth, whether the connection is intentional or accidental.

   Grounded system—A system having a permanent and effective electrical connection to earth. Such ground connection may be at one or more points. ‘‘Effective,’’ as used in this definition, means a connection to earth of sufficiently low resistance and high current-carrying capacity to prevent any current in the ground wire from causing a harmful voltage to exist between the grounded conductors and neighboring exposed conducting surfaces which are in good contact with the earth, or with neighboring surfaces of the earth itself, under the most severe conditions liable to arise in practice.

   Guarded—Covered, shielded, fences, enclosed or otherwise protected by means of suitable covers or casings, barrier rails or screens, mats, or platforms, to remove the liability of dangerous contact or approach by persons or objects to a point of danger.

   Handhole—An opening in an underground system into which workmen reach but do not enter.

   Insulated—Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric substance or air space permanently offering a high resistance to the passage of current, and to disruptive discharge through the substance or space, in suitable manner for the conditions to which it is subjected; otherwise within the purpose of these rules, it is uninsulated. Insulating covering of conductors is one means of making conductors insulated.

   Insulating—If applied to the covering of a conductor or to clothing, guards, rods, and other safety devices, this term shall mean that a device, when interposed between a person and current-carrying parts, protects the person making use of it against electric shock from the current-carrying parts with which the device is intended to be used.

   Isolated—Not readily accessible to persons unless special means for access are implemented.

   Isolated by elevation—Elevated sufficiently so that persons may safely walk underneath.

   Lateral conductor—A wire of cable extending in a general horizontal direction approximately at right angles to the general direction of the line conductors (in pole wiring work).

   Lateral working space—The space reserved for working between conductor levels outside the climbing space, and to its right and left.

   Line conductor—A wire or cable carrying electric current supported by poles, towers, or other structures, but not including vertical or lateral connecting wire.

   Manhole or cable vault or splicing chamber—An opening in an underground system which workmen or others may enter for the purpose of installing cables, transformers, junction boxes, and other devices, and for making connections and tests.

   Manual—Operated by personal intervention.

   Normal sag—The difference in elevation between the highest point of support of a span and the lowest point of the conductor in such span, or in the curve of the conductor in the span produced, at 60°F with no wind loading.

   Open lines—Overhead lines not in conduits, and consisting of single conductors or of individual twisted pairs, as opposed to multiple conductor cables.

   Panelboard—A single panel containing busses, fuses and switches to control lights, fan motors and similar devices of small individual as well as aggregate capacity, placed in or against a wall or partition and accessible only from the front.

   Permanently grounded—An effectively grounded connection to the earth, by use of an underground system of metallic pipe mains or other suitable means.

   Pole face—That side of a pole on which crossarms are attached, or which is so designated by the utilities owning or operating the pole.

   Qualified or authorized—Properly qualified or authorized to perform specified duties under the conditions existing. Responsibility for the authorization and decision as to the qualifications of employes rests with the employer or his agent.

   Reconstruction—Replacement of any portion of an existing installation by new equipment or construction, not including ordinary maintenance replacements.

   Rural districts—All places not urban, usually in the country, but in some cases within city limits.

   Service—The connecting conductors by which a supply of electrical energy is carried from a supply line to the building or premises served.

   Signal lines—Lines for public or private signal or communication service and devoted exclusively to the transmission of signals or intelligence, which operate at less than 400 volts to ground or 750 volts between any two points of the circuit, and the transmitted power of which does not exceed 150 watts. Below 150 volts no limit is placed on the capacity of the system. Included are telephone, telegraph, messenger-call, clock, fire, or police alarm, and other systems conforming with these requirements. Lines used for signaling purposes, but not included under this definition, are considered as supply lines of the same voltage and shall so conform. Signal lines not for public use coming under this definition may be run and operated as supply lines if desired, and if constantly so run.

   Splicing chamber—anhole.

   Substantial—Constructed and arranged to be of adequate strength and durability for the service to be performed under the prevailing conditions.

   Switch—A device for opening, closing or changing the connection of a circuit manually. In this subchapter, a switch shall be always considered manually operated, unless otherwise stated.

   Switchboard—A large single panel or assembly of panels on which are mounted, partly on the face and partly on the back, switches, fuses, busses and usually instruments, and accessible both in front and in rear. Circuits and machinery of relatively large capacity are controlled from these boards.

   Tags—Tags of distinctive appearance, indicating that the equipment or lines marked are being worked on.

   Transformer vault—An isolated, fireproof enclosure, either above or below ground, in which transformers and the devices necessary for their operation are installed, and which is not continuously under attendance during operation.

   Urban districts—Thickly settled communities, whether in cities or suburbs, where congested traffic often occurs. A highway, though in the country, on which the traffic is often very heavy, is considered urban.

   Utilization equipment—Equipment, devices, and connected wiring, which utilize electrical energy for mechanical, chemical, heating, lighting, testing or similar purposes and are not a part of supply equipment, supply lines or signal lines.

   Vertical conductor—A wire or cable extending in approximately vertical direction, in pole wiring work.

   Voltage or volts—The highest effective voltage between the conductors of the circuit concerned, except that in grounded multiwire circuits not exceeding 750 volts between outer conductors it means the highest effective voltage between any wire of the circuit and the ground. In ungrounded low-voltage circuits ‘‘voltage to ground’’ means the voltage of the circuit. If one circuit is directly connected to another circuit of higher voltage as in the case of an autotransformer, both are considered to be of the higher voltage, unless the circuit of lower voltage is permanently grounded. Direct connection implies electrical connection as distinguished from connection merely through electromagnetic or electrostatic induction.

   Wire gauges—The American Wire Gauge (A.W.G.), otherwise known as Brown & Sharpe (B. & S.) is the standard gauge for copper, aluminum, and other conductors, excepting steel, for which the Steel Wire Gauge (Stl. W. G.) is used throughout this Subchapter.

 Any person who violates this subchapter or any regulations of the Department or who interferes with the Department or its duly authorized representative in the enforcement of these provisions or regulations will be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and may, upon conviction thereof, be punished by fine or imprisonment, or both under act of April 27, 1927 (P. L. 465, No. 299) (35 P. S. § §  1221—1235.1).

METHODS OF PROTECTIVE GROUNDING

§ 39.61. Applicability.

 The provisions of § §  39.61—39.70 (relating to methods of protective grounding) apply to all installations within this Commonwealth, whether existing, new, reconstructions, extensions, or the like except as modified or waived as provided in §  39.63 (relating to modification or waiver of provisions).

 The provisions of § §  39.61—39.70 (relating to methods of protective grounding) are specifically directed to all lightning arrester grounding and to the grounding of all circuits, equipment, or wire runways when the grounding is intended to be a permanent and effective protective measure. Such provisions do not require that grounding be done, but cover the methods for protective grounding. The rules requiring groundings are included under parts one, three, and four of the National Electrical Safety Code. Such provisions do not apply to the grounding of arresters on signal circuits, to the grounded return of trolley or third rail systems, nor to the grounding of lightning protection wires if these are not connected to electrical circuits or equipment.

 The provisions of §  39.61—39.70 (relating to methods of protective grounding) may be modified or waived by the proper administrative authority or its authorized agents in the following instances:

   (1)  If application of provisions involve expense not justified by the protection secured, or for any other reason where application of provisions is shown to be impracticable.

   (2)  If equivalent or safer construction may be more readily provided by other means.

   (3)  In certain instances where temporary installations or installations are shortly to be dismantled or reconstructed.

   (4)  In cases of emergency or pending decision of the administrator the person responsible for the installation may decide as to modification or waiver of any rule, subject to review by proper authority.

   (5)  If other methods of construction and installation than those specified in this chapter are used as experiments to obtain information, if done where the supervision may be given by the proper administrative authority.

 The time allowed for bringing existing installations into compliance with the rules shall be determined by the proper administrative authority.

 (a)  Material and continuity. The ground conductor shall be of copper or of other metal which will not corrode excessively under the existing conditions and, if practicable, shall be continuous. Joints shall be made and maintained so as to conform to the resistance and current-carrying capacity requirements of §  39.69 (relating to ground resistance). Ground connections from circuits should not be made to jointed piping within buildings, except that water piping outside of meters and beyond any point which is liable to disconnection, may be used. Reference should also be made to §  39.68 (relating to methods of ground connection). No automatic cutout shall be inserted in the ground conductor or connection except in a ground connection from equipment where its operation will immediately result in the automatic disconnection from all sources or energy of the equipment so grounded; no switch shall be so inserted except in plain sight, provided with distinctive marking and effectively isolated from unqualified persons. Reference should also be made to §  39.67 (relating to attachment of ground conductor).

 (b)  Size and number. The size and number of ground conductors shall be as follows:

   (1)  For grounding circuits the ground conductors shall have a combined cross section and current capacity sufficient to insure the continuity of the ground connection and its continued compliance with §  39.69, under conditions of excess current caused by accidental grounding of any normally ungrounded conductor of the circuit. No individual ground conductor for electrical circuits shall have less current capacity than that of a No. 6 copper wire, except that for additional grounds after the first on any circuit, smaller ground wires may be used, provided that they are in no case smaller than the conductor to which they are attached nor smaller than No. 10 copper.

   (2)  For lightning arrester ground connections the ground conductor or conductors shall have a current carrying capacity sufficient to insure continuity of the ground connection under conditions of excess current caused by or following discharge of the arrester. No individual ground conductor shall be smaller than a No. 6 wire.

   (3)  Electrical equipment shall conform to the following:

     (i)   For electrical equipment the current-carrying capacity of a ground conductor shall be not less than that provided by a copper wire of the size indicated in the following table:

     (ii)   If there is no cutout protecting the equipment, the size of ground conductor shall be determined by the design and operating conditions of the circuit.

     (iii)   In the portable cord to portable equipment protected by fuses not greater than 10-ampere capacity, a No. 18 ground wire may be used.

 (c)  Mechanical protection and guarding against contact. Mechanical protection and guarding against contact shall be provided as follows:

   (1)  If exposed to possible mechanical injury the ground conductor shall be protected by substantial conduit or other guard.

   (2)  Guards for the ground conductors of the lightning arresters should be of nonmagnetic material unless the ground conductor is electrically connected to both ends of the guard.

   (3)  If resistance of the ground connection is in excess of the values in §  39.69, for water pipe grounds, the ground conductor, except in rural districts, shall be protected and guarded by being enclosed in insulating conduit or molding to protect persons from injury by coming into contact with it. A high resistance may exist where artificial grounds are necessarily permitted in lieu of the preferable grounds to buried metallic water piping systems.

   (4)  Mechanical protection and insulating guards should extend for a distance of not less than 8 feet above any ground, platform, or floor from which ground conductors are accessible to the public, however, the following precautions are recommended:

     (i)   Insulating mechanical protection is advisable for single arrester grounds, even when the connection is made to a water piping system, and has therefore a low resistance, since a single connection is liable to be accidentally broken.

     (ii)   Even where ground connections have a resistance not exceeding that specified in §  39.69, and no guard is therefore provided, or, as an additional protection to persons even where guards are used artificial grounds may be arranged to minimize the potential gradient along the surface of the earth by use of radial connecting wires underneath the earth surface or by other suitable means.

   (5)  A circuit ground conductor shall be guarded as required for current-carrying conductors of the circuit, unless the ground conductor is entirely outside buildings, has strength and current capacity not less than that of No. 6 copper wire, and the circuit is elsewhere grounded by other ground conductors, except that in stations substantial bare ground busses may be used.

 (d)  Underground conductors. Wires used for ground conductors, if laid underground shall, unless otherwise mechanically protected, be laid slack to prevent their being readily broken, and shall have joints carefully painted or othewise protected against corrosion.

 (a)  Permanence. The ground connections shall be permanent and effective and made as indicated in subsection (b), if possible, or else as prescribed in subsection (c), (d) or (e). Reference should also be made to §  39.69 (relating to ground resistance).

 (b)  Piping system. For circuits, equipment, and arresters at supply stations, connections shall be made to all available active continuous metallic underground water piping systems between which no appreciable difference of potential normally exists, and to one such system if appreciable differences of potential do exist between them. At other places connections shall be made to at least one such system, if available. Gas piping shall not be used. References should be made to § §  39.65 and 39.68 (relating to ground conductor; methods of ground connection). The term ‘‘available,’’ as used in this rule, shall mean ordinarily within 500 feet for stations. The protective grounding of electrical circuits and equipment to water pipe systems in accordance with this Subchapter shall always be permitted, since such grounding offers the most efficient protection to life and property and is not injurious to the piping systems.

 (c)  Alternate methods. If underground metallic piping systems are not available, other methods which will secure the desired permanence and conductance may be permitted. Where available, metal well casings, local metal drain pipes, and similar buried metal structures of considerable extent may be used in lieu of extended buried water-piping systems. Ground connection may be made to the steel frame of a building containing the grounded circuits or equipment, to which frames of machines and other noncurrent-carrying surfaces should also then be connected. In such cases the building frame shall be itself well grounded by effective connection to the ground which may require artificial grounding for steel frame buildings supported on masonry or unreinforced concrete footings.

 (d)  Artificial grounds. If resort to artificial grounds is necessary, their number shall be determined by the following requirements:

   (1)  No more than one artificial ground is required for lightning arresters, except for large current capacity. At least two grounds are required for low voltage alternating current distribution circuits at transformers or elsewhere.

   (2)  If no part of the circuit or equipment protected may be reached by persons while they are standing on the ground or damp floors, or by persons while touching any metallic piping to which the ground wire is not effectively connected, a single artificial ground may be used even if its resistance exceeds that specified in §  39.69. In such cases guards should be provided for the ground conductor in accordance with §  39.65(c) wherever it is otherwise accessible, or to provide insulating mats or platforms so located that persons cannot readily touch the ground conductor without standing on such mats or platforms.

 (e)  Grounds to railway returns. Protective ground connections shall not be made to railway negative return circuits when other effective means of grounding are available, except ground connections from electric railway lightning arresters. When ground connections are necessarily made to the grounded track return of electric railways, they shall be made in such a manner as not to afford a metallic connection between the railway return and other grounded conducting bodies. This provision shall not prohibit the making of drainage connections which are not protective grounds between piping systems and railway negative return circuits for the prevention of electrolysis. Multiple protective ground connections from other circuits to railway returns shall be avoided, and if multiple artificial grounds are made on such other circuits near such railway returns, they shall be so arranged as to prevent the flow of any considerable current in and between such connections, thus reducing their effectiveness, or causing other damage.

 (a)  Direct current distributing systems. The neutral of three-wire direct current systems shall be grounded at one or more supply stations, but not at individual services nor within buildings served. One side of a two-wire direct current system may be grounded, but at one station only. In three-wire systems the neutrals entering any junction box should be bonded together, but the box should not be specially grounded. In two-wire systems the grounded side of the circuit should be insulated from ground except at the station ground connection.

 (b)  Alternating current distribution systems. All secondary distribution systems shall be grounded at the building services or near the transformer (or transformers) either by direct ground connection or by the use of a system ground wire to which are connected the grounded conductors of many secondary mains and which is itself effectually grounded at intervals which fulfill, for any secondary utilizing the system ground wire, the resistance and current carrying requirements of §  39.69 (relating to ground resistance). Single-phase, three-wire distribution systems shall be grounded at the neutral conductor. Two-wire, single-phase systems shall be grounded at the neutral point or on either conductor. Two-wire, single-phase and two or three phase systems shall, in general, be grounded at that point of the system which brings about the lowest voltage from ground of unguarded current carrying parts of connected devices and also permits most convenient grounding. If one phase of a two or three phase system is used for lighting, that phase should be grounded and at the neutral conductor, if one is used. In the absence of direct grounds at all building services, ground connections shall be made to the grounded neutral or other grounded conductor of a secondary system supplying more than one utilization equipment, at intervals that will fulfill the resistance and current-carrying requirements of §  39.69. If the secondaries of transformers are supplying a common set of mains, the fuses shall be installed only at such points as will not cause the loss of the ground connections after the fuses in the transformer circuits or mains have been blown. Multiple grounds are preferable in all cases, because of the assurance provided against loss of the protection afforded by the chance disconnection of any ground connection. Grounds other than the single ground connection at the building service shall not be made to alternating current secondaries within buildings. Reference should be made to §  39.66 (relating to nature of ground connection).

 (c)  Lightning arresters. The connection to a lightning arrester shall be at such a point that its ground conductor is as short and straight as practicable. Ground conductors for lightning arresters shall not pass through iron or steel conduits unless electrically connected to both ends of such conduits.

 (d)  Equipment and wire runways. The point at which the ground conductor is attached to equipment or wire runways shall, if practicable, be readily accessible.

 (a)  Ground connections to metallic piping systems shall be made on the street side of water meters, which might interrupt the continuity of the underground metallic pipe systems, unless otherwise provided in subsection (b), but connections may be made immediately inside building walls to secure accessibility for inspection and test. When water meters are located outside buildings or in concrete pits within buildings where piping connections are inbedded in concrete flooring, the ground connection may be made on the building side of the meters, if they are suitably shunted.

 (b)  When the making of a ground to a piping system outside the meter or other device would involve a long run, connection for equipment or wire runways, not for circuits, may be made to the water piping system at a point near the part to be protected, if there are no insulating joints in the pipe to prevent a good ground. In such cases care shall be taken to electrically connect all parts of the piping system liable to create a hazard, if they become alive, to shunt the pipe system where necessary around meters, and so forth, in order to keep the connection with the underground piping system continuous. Gas piping systems within buildings shall not be used for purposes of this rule, except that gas piping need not be insulated from otherwise well-grounded electrical fixtures and if the making of another ground connection for a fixture would involve a long run and the fixture is, therefore, not within reach of plumbing or plumbing fixtures, the gas piping may for small fixtures be utilized as the sole ground connection. If so used the gas piping and water piping systems within the building shall be grounded at their points of entrance. Reference should also be made to § §  39.65 and 39.66 (relating to ground conductor; and nature of ground connection).

 (c)  The ground connection to metallic piping systems shall be made by sweating the ground wire into a lug attached to an approved clamp and firmly bolting the clamp to the pipe, after all rust and scale have been removed, or by soldering the ground connection into a brass plug which has been tightly screwed into a pipe fitting or, where the pipe is of sufficient thickness, screwed into a hole in the pipe itself, or connection may be made by other equivalent means. The point of connection shall be as readily accessible as possible, and the position should be recorded. With bell and spigot joint pipe it may be necessary to connect to several lengths where circuits or equipment of large current-carrying capacity are being grounded.

 (d)  Artificial grounds shall be located, where practicable, below permanent moisture level, or failing this at least 6 feet deep. Each ground should present not less than 2 square feet surface to exterior soil. Areas where ground water level is close to the surface shall be used when available.

 (a)  Limits. It is recommended that the combined resistance of the ground wires and connections of any grounded circuit, equipment or lightning arrester should not exceed the values given below, if grounded connections made according to §  39.66 (relating to nature of ground connection) will sufficiently limit the resistance. It will frequently be impracticable with artificial grounds to obtain resistances in dry or other high resistance soils as low as the values given below for ordinary soils. In such cases two grounds shall be used as defined in §  39.68 (relating to methods of ground connection), and no requirement shall be made as to resistance. Reference should also be made to §  39.66. The current stated opposite the different resistances in the table is either the current capacity of a circuit from which leakage may occur to the ground circuit, or the continuous current capacity to which the grounded equipment or arrester is limited by design or by automatic cutouts. If the secondary is exposed only through transformer windings, this current capacity shall be that of the primary fuse of the transformer. If the secondary is exposed by the conductors of conflicting or crossing high voltage circuits, the current capacities shall be those of the automatic cutouts in such circuits. The product of the corresponding numbers in the first and second columns shall never be greater than 150, that is, the potential difference due to the stated current is never greater than 150 volts, if connections are made to water pipes. If more than one ground is made on the same circuit, equipment or arrester, in the same vicinity, all such grounds shall be considered collectively in respect to meeting the requirements of this section:

 (b)  Checking. The resistance of station grounds shall be checked when made. With artificial grounds this check may be made by measuring the voltage between the grounded point of the circuit, or the grounded frame of the equipment or the grounded point of the lightning arrester and an auxiliary metal reference rod or pipe driven into the ground, while a measured current is flowing through the ground connection and any exposed metal piping or other artificial ground in the vicinity, but not within 20 feet. If the station ground is to water piping, the check may be made with current flowing through the water piping and some independent piping system or artificial ground in the vicinity, but not within 20 feet. The auxiliary road or pipe shall be at least ten feet from any artificial ground or piping systems through which the measured current is made to flow. All ground connections shall be inspected periodically. Ground connections on distribution circuits shall, when installed, be tested for resistance unless multiple grounding to water piping systems is used.

 (a)  Ground conductors. Ground conductors shall be run separately to the ground or to a sufficiently heavy grounding bus or system ground cable which is well connected to ground at more than one plate from equipment and circuits of each of the following classes:

   (1)  Lightning arresters.

   (2)  Secondaries connected to low voltage lighting or power circuits.

   (3)  Secondaries of current and potential transformers and cases of instruments on these secondaries.

   (4)  Frames of direct current railway equipment and of equipment operating in excess of 750 volts.

   (5)  Frames of utilization equipment or wire runways other than covered by paragraph (4).

 (b)  Grounds. Lightning arrester ground connections shall not be made to the same artificial ground such as driven pipes or buried plates as circuits or equipment, but should be well spaced and, where practicable, at least 20 feet from other artificial grounds.

   This section cited in 34 Pa. Code §  39.61 (relating to applicability); 34 Pa. Code §  39.62 (relating to scope); 34 Pa. Code §  39.63 (relating to modifications or waiver of provisions); 34 Pa. Code §  39.66 (relating to nature of ground connection); 34 Pa. Code §  39.103 (relating to protective grounding); 34 Pa. Code §  39.183 (relating to ground wires); 34 Pa. Code §  39.197 (relating to grounding); 34 Pa. Code §  39.219 (relating to grounding or isolating service conduits); 34 Pa. Code §  39.292 (relating to grounding noncurrent-carrying parts); and 34 Pa. Code §  39.304 (relating to grounding of arresters for signaling systems).

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
STATION AND EQUIPMENT

§ 39.81. Applicability.

 This section and § §  39.82—39.90 apply to installations within this Commonwealth, whether existing, new, reconstructions, extensions, or the like, except as waived or modified by §  39.83 (relating to modification or waiver of provisions).