CHAPTER 41. STATE BOARD OF PSYCHOLOGY

§ 41.1. Definitions.

 The following words and terms, when used in this chapter, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

   APA—American Psychological Association.

   ASPPB—Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards.

   Accredited college or university—An institution which is recognized as an institution of higher education under 22 Pa. Code (relating to education) or which is accredited by a regional accrediting association recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation (CORPA).

   Accredited hospital—A facility which is recognized as a hospital under 28 Pa. Code (relating to health and safety), or which is defined as a health care facility in section 103 of the Health Care Facilities Act (35 P. S. §  448.103).

   Act—The Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1201—1218).

   Board—The State Board of Psychology of the Commonwealth.

   Bureau—The Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs of the Department of State of the Commonwealth.

   CPA—Canadian Psychological Association.

   Child abuse—A term meaning any of the following:

     (i)   A recent act or failure to act by a perpetrator which causes nonaccidental serious physical injury to a child under 18 years of age.

     (ii)   An act or failure to act by a perpetrator which causes nonaccidental serious mental injury to or sexual abuse or sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age.

     (iii)   A recent act, failure to act or series of acts or failures to act by a perpetrator which creates an imminent risk of serious physical injury to or sexual abuse or sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age.

     (iv)   Serious physical neglect by a perpetrator constituting prolonged or repeated lack of supervision or the failure to provide the essentials of life, including adequate medical care, which endangers a child’s life or development or impairs the child’s functioning.

   ChildLine—An organizational unit of the Department of Public Welfare which operates a 24-hour a day Statewide toll free telephone system for receiving reports of suspected child abuse, referring reports for investigation and maintaining the reports in the appropriate file.

   Client—A person, system, organization, group or family for whom a psychologist provides psychological services.

   Client/patient—A person, system, organization, group or family for whom a psychologist provides psychological services. In the case of individuals with legal guardians, including minors and legally incapacitated adults, the legal guardian shall be the client/patient for decisionmaking purposes. The minor, legally incapacitated adult or other person actually receiving the service shall be the client/patient for issues specifically reserved to the individual, such as confidential communications in a therapeutic relationship and issues directly affecting the physical or emotional safety of the individual, such as sexual or other exploitive dual relationships.

 Doctoral degree in a field related to psychology—A degree awarded upon successful completion of a program which, within 1 year from the award of the doctoral degree, meets one of the following:

 (i)  Is accredited by the APA or the CPA.

     (ii)   Is designated by the ASPPB/National Register Designation Project.

     (iii)   Is offered by a foreign college or university whose standards are equivalent to the ASPPB/National Register Designation Project criteria.

 Doctoral degree in psychology—A degree awarded upon successful completion of a program in psychology which, within 1 year from the award of the doctoral degree, meets one of the following criteria:

     (i)   Is accredited by the APA or the CPA.

     (ii)   Is designated by the ASPPB/ National Register Designation Project.

     (iii)   Is offered by a foreign college or university whose standards are equivalent to the ASPPB/National Register Designation Project Criteria.

   Graduate training in psychology—Under section 3(12) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(12)), the completion of 15 graduate semester hours in any of the areas described in subparagraphs (viii)—(x) of the definition for ‘‘doctoral degree in psychology.’’

   Immediate family member—Parent/guardian, child, sibling, spouse or other family member with whom the client/patient lives.

   Individual residing in the same home as the child—An individual who is 14 years of age or older and who resides in the same home as the child.

   National Register—The Council for the National Register of Health Service Providers.

   Perpetrator—A person who has committed child abuse and is a parent of the child, a person responsible for the welfare of a child, an individual residing in the same home as a child or a paramour of a child’s parent.

   Person responsible for the child’s welfare—A person who provides permanent or temporary care, supervision, mental health diagnosis or treatment, training or control of a child in lieu of parental care, supervision and control. The term does not include a person who is employed by or provides services or programs in a public or private school, intermediate unit or area vocational-technical school.

   Professional relationship—A therapeutic relationship which shall be deemed to exist for a period of time beginning with the first professional contact or consultation between a psychologist and a client/patient and continuing thereafter until the last date of a professional service. If a psychologist sees a client/patient on an intermittent basis, the professional relationship shall be deemed to start anew on each date that the psychologist provides a professional service to the client/patient.

   Professional setting—A public or private agency or institution or a private practice where the applicant for licensure is supervised as a psychology trainee for the purpose of preparing for the independent practice of psychology and which provides an opportunity for contact with other disciplines and for work with a broad range of clients/patients. The agency, institution or private practice shall be responsible for the welfare of and the services to each client/patient of the applicant, for collecting fees for services and for providing easy and continuous access to the supervisor by both the applicant and the applicant’s clients/patients.

   Psychologist—A person who holds a license issued under the act to engage in the practice of psychology.

   Psychology trainee—An individual who is fulfilling the supervised experience requirement for licensure, or an applicant for licensure who is continuing in training under §  41.31(c)(5) (relating to qualifications for taking licensing examination).

   Recent acts or omissions—Acts or omissions committed within 2 years of the date of the report to the Department of Public Welfare or county agency.

   Serious mental injury—A psychological condition, as diagnosed by a physician or licensed psychologist, including the refusal of appropriate treatment, that does one or more of the following:

     (i)   Renders a child chronically and severely anxious, agitated, depressed, socially withdrawn, psychotic or in reasonable fear that the child’s life or safety is threatened.

     (ii)   Seriously interferes with a child’s ability to accomplish age-appropriate developmental and social tasks.

   Serious physical injury—An injury that causes a child severe pain or significantly impairs a child’s physical functioning, either temporarily or permanently.

   Sexual abuse or exploitation—The employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement or coercion of a child to engage in or assist another person to engage in sexually explicit conduct or a simulation of sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction, including photographing, videotaping, computer depicting or filming, of sexually explicit conduct or the rape, sexual assault, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, aggravated indecent assault, molestation, incest, indecent exposure, prostitution, statutory sexual assault or other form of sexual exploitation of children.

   Sexual intimacies—Romantic, sexually suggestive, sexually demeaning or erotic behavior. Examples of this behavior include, but are not limited to, sexual intercourse, nontherapeutic verbal communication or inappropriate nonverbal communications of a sexual or romantic nature, sexual invitations, soliciting a date from a client/patient, masturbating in the presence of a client/patient (or encouraging a client/patient to masturbate in the presence of the psychologist), exposure, kissing or hugging, touching, physical contact or self-disclosure of a sexual or erotic nature.

   The provisions of this §  41.1 amended under section 3.2(1) and (2) and 6(a)(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(1) and (2) and 6(a)(2)); and the Child Protective Services Law, 23 Pa.C.S. §  6383(b)(2).

   The provisions of this §  41.1 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended November 8, 1996, effective November 9, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 5420; amended May 22, 1998, effective May 23, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 2412; amended May 26, 2000, effective May 27, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 2593; corrected December 21, 2001, effective August 1, 1998, 31 Pa.B. 6944; amended June 2, 2006, effective June 3, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 2680. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (308370) and (286543) to (286547).

   Competent Medical Evidence

   A psychologist’s testimony was not competent medical evidence upon which to base a conclusion that appellant’s application for disability benefits should be denied; the phrase ‘‘competent medical evidence’’ requires evidence provided by a licensed physician and not a licensed psychologist. Miller v. Bethlehem City Council, 760 A.2d 446 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000).

 Under 1 Pa. Code §  31.1 (relating to scope of part) 1 Pa. Code Part II (relating to general rules of administrative practice and procedure) is applicable to the activities of and proceedings before the Board.

 (a)  A licensee’s name on file with the Board shall be the name that appears on the license unless that name is legally changed, in which case the licensee shall report the change and the reason therefor to the Board in writing within 10 days.

 (b)  A licensee who changes an address on file with the Board shall notify the Board in writing within 10 days. Licensees who do not comply with this subsection shall bear full responsibility for failure to receive correspondence from the Board, including biennial renewal notifications.

 (c)  A licensee’s most recent name and address on file with the Board shall be deemed the licensee’s official name and address for the purposes of service of process and other legal papers.

   The provisions of this §  41.3 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 The address of the Board is State Board of Psychology, Post Office Box 2649, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105-2649.

   The provisions of this §  41.4 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 (a)  Background. Section 3(3) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(3)) provides that ‘‘qualified members of other recognized professions . . . [may do] work of a psychological nature, consistent with the training and the code of ethics of their respective professions.’’ This policy statement announces the principles and standards the Board intends to apply when persons alleged to be practicing psychology without a license rely on section 3(3) of the act as exempting them from licensure.

 (b)  Recognized professions. For purposes of deciding whether a given group qualifies as a recognized profession under section 3(3) of the act, the Board will be guided by the criteria in paragraphs (1)—(4).

   (1)  The group’s activity and focus must be based on an identifiable body of theoretical knowledge which, although it may include areas of common knowledge shared with psychology, is demonstrably different, in the aggregate, from the body of theoretical knowledge underlying psychology.

   (2)  The group must regulate entrance into professional membership by means of standards of knowledge, training and proficiency generally accepted by the profession with which it identifies.

   (3)  The group’s activity must be guided by generally accepted quality standards, ethical principles and requirements for an independent profession.

   (4)  The group must exhibit the ordinary accoutrements of a profession, which may include, but are not limited to, professional journals, regional and national conferences, specific academic curricula and degrees, continuing education opportunities, regional and national certification and awards for outstanding practice within the profession.

 (c)  Qualified members. For purposes of deciding whether a person doing work of a psychological nature under section 3(3) of the act is a qualified member of a recognized profession, the Board will consider whether the person is in compliance with the academic, training and proficiency standards of the profession.

 (d)  Scope of practice. For purposes of deciding whether a person doing work of a psychological nature under section 3(3) of the act is practicing only within the scope of the recognized profession, the Board will consider whether the professional activities engaged in are generally accepted within the profession as part of its practice and are consistent with the training and code of ethics of the profession.

   Neuroscience Exception

   The practice and study of neuroscience meets all of the criteria for recognized exceptions to the licensing requirement. Therefore, the two neuroscientists who administered and interpreted certain tests were not required to be licensed, and it was error to exclude their testimony and grant nonsuit. Ford v. Philadelphia Housing Authority, 789 A.2d 360 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001).

 (a)  Background and purpose. The act authorizes the Board to license psychologists and to regulate the practice of psychology in this Commonwealth. The Departmentof Health (Department), citing Articles IX and X of the Public Welfare Code (62 P. S. § §  901—1059), and regulations promulgated thereunder at 28 Pa. Code Chapter 709 (relating to standards for licensure of freestanding treatment facilities), maintains that its licensing and regulatory authority extends to psychology practices that provide services to clients/patients with substance abuse problems. The Board has sought to develop with the Department a joint policy statement accommodating the jurisdictional and public protection interests of each agency. This endeavor has not been successful. Meanwhile, the Board continues to receive inquiries from its licensees in independent practice who have been notified that they must secure an additional license from the Department if they provide substance abuse services. This statement of policy expresses the Board’s position on this matter. It does not represent a reconciliation of views with the Department, nor is it intended to address funding or reimbursement issues.

 (b)  Board Authority. The Board has statutory authority to license, regulate and discipline psychologists in this Commonwealth. Accordingly, the Board regards the following services as exempt from licensure by the Department:

   (1)  Substance abuse services provided by a licensed psychologist functioning as a sole practicioner or by a group practice comprised only of licensed psychologists. Board regulations restrain psychologists from providing professional services unless qualified by education and training. See §  41.51 and Ethical Principle 2 under §  41.61 (relating to areas of acceptable practice; and Code of Ethics). Psychologists who practice outside their areas of competence when providing substance abuse services are subject to disciplinary action by the Board, including the suspension or revocation of licensure.

   (2)  Substance abuse services provided by a psychology practice through a psychology trainee completing the supervised experience requirement for licensure. Board regulations require that the trainee be supervised by a licensed psychologist competent to perform the professional services rendered by the trainee. See § §  41.31 and 41.32 (relating to qualifications for taking licensing examination; and standards for supervisors). Psychologists who fail to meet this requirement when supervising a trainee who provides substance abuse services are subject to disciplinary action by the Board, including the suspension or revocation of licensure.

   (3)  Substance abuse services provided by a psychology practice through an unlicensed employee with graduate training in psychology. Board regulations require that the employee be supervised by a licensed psychologist competent to perform the professional services rendered by the employee. See §  41.58 (relating to standards for the employment and supervision of unlicensed persons with graduate training in psychology). Psychologists who fail to meet this requirement when supervising an unlicensed employee who provides substance abuse services are subject to disciplinary action by the Board, including the suspension or revocation of licensure.

   The provisions of this §  41.8 adopted April 2, 1993, effective April 3, 1993, 23 Pa.B. 1585.

LICENSES

§ 41.11. Licenses.

 (a)  To be considered for admission to the examination provided in the act, an applicant shall first file with the Board or its designee:

   (1)  A completed, notarized application form and the application fee.

   (2)  Official transcripts of graduate work from an accredited college or university.

   (3)  Supervisory rating forms validating the applicant’s qualifying experience.

   (4)  Other forms or materials requested by the Board.

 (b)  An applicant who has demonstrated compliance with the education and experience requirements of the act and of § §  41.31 and 41.32 (relating to qualifications for taking licensing examination; and standards for supervisors), who has completed the procedures in subsection (a), who has passed the examination provided for in the act and who has satisfied the other qualifications for licensure set out in the act shall be granted a license by the Board. Only the holder of a current license shall have the right and privilege of using the title ‘‘psychologist’’ and of practicing psychology. Other professionals may, however, use official titles and engage in the practice of psychology or do work of a psychological nature insofar as they are excepted from licensure by applicable provisions under section 3 of the act (63 P. S. §  1203).

 (c)  Each licensee is issued a wall certificate indicating initial licensure and a registration packet including a biennial renewal certificate and a wallet-size license card, both of which show the expiration date of the license. Licenses expire on November 30 of each odd-numbered year, regardless of the date of issuance.

 (d)  Licenses are renewable for a 2-year period beginning December 1 of each odd-numbered year. The fee for biennial renewal is set by the Board. See §  41.12 (relating to fees). Late fees as prescribed by the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs Fee Act (63 P. S. § §  1401-101—1401-501) shall be added to the renewal fees of licensees who do not submit their renewal applications by December 1 of the year of expiration of their licenses. Upon renewing their licenses, licensees receive new biennial renewal certificates and wallet-size license cards which show the next expiration date of the license. These documents are the only evidence of valid, current licensure.

 (e)  Fees as prescribed by the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs Fee Act shall be charged for duplicate wall certificates and biennial renewal documents. Duplicates will be issued only upon submission by the licensee of a notarized statement specifying that the original has been lost or destroyed and stating that the duplicate will be returned if the original is recovered.

   The provisions of this §  41.11 amended under section 812.1 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. §  279.3a); and sections 3.2(2), 3.3 and 6 of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1203.2(2), 1203.3 and 1206).

   The provisions of this §  41.11 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended April 13, 1990, effective April 14, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2034; corrected April 27, 1990, effective April 14, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2286; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended January 25, 2002, effective January 26, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 424. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (206230) and (263505) to (263506).

 The schedule of fees charged by the Board is as follows:

   The provisions of this §  41.12 issued under sections 476.1 and 812.1 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. § §  180-6.1 and 279.3a); sections 6(a)(4) and 15 of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1206(a)(4) and 1215); and the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs Fee Act (63 P. S. § §  1401-201, 1401-221 and 1401-401); amended under sections 3.2(2), 3.3(a) and 6 of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1203.2(2), 1203.3(a) and 1206); and section 812.1 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. §  279.3a).

   The provisions of this §  41.12 adopted January 23, 1981, effective January 24, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 408; amended September 30, 1983, effective September 20, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 2974; amended April 12, 1985, effective April 13, 1985, 15 Pa.B. 1360; amended December 25, 1987, effective December 26, 1987, 17 Pa.B. 5332; amended February 9, 1990, effective February 10, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 808; amended April 13, 1990, effective April 14, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2034; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended July 17, 1992, effective July 18, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 3748; amended June 17, 1994, effective June 18, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 3027; amended December 22, 1995, effective December 23, 1995, and apply to examination fees charged on and after October 1, 1995, 25 Pa.B. 5969; amended April 30, 1999, effective May 1, 1999, 29 Pa.B. 2296; amended January 28, 2000, effective January 29, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 536; amended January 25, 2002, effective January 26, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 424; amended November 11, 2005, effective November 12, 2005, 35 Pa.B. 6230. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (286900).

 (a)  A person whose psychology license is inactive or has lapsed because of failure to register biennially with the Board shall apply for reactivation of licensure on forms prescribed by the Board, shall pay the renewal fee for the current biennium, shall show compliance with continuing education requirements (see §  41.59 (relating to continuing education)), and shall submit a notarized affidavit identifying periods of time during which the applicant for reactivation did not practice psychology in this Commonwealth or practiced in a setting where psychologists are exempt from licensure under section 3 of the act (63 P. S. §  1203). The late renewal fee described in subsection (b) and referenced in §  41.11(d) (relating to licenses) will not be imposed for periods of nonpractice or practice in an exempt setting.

 (b)  A person whose psychology license is inactive or has lapsed is prohibited from practicing psychology in this Commonwealth except in exempt settings as referenced in subsection (a). An applicant for reactivation of licensure who engaged in unauthorized practice in this Commonwealth shall pay a late renewal fee of $5 for each month or part of a month during which the unauthorized practice occurred, as provided in section 225 of the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs Fee Act (63 P. S. §  1401-225). This fee is in addition to biennial renewal fees for bienniums during which unauthorized practice occurred. The payment of late fees and biennial renewal fees does not preclude the Board from taking disciplinary action against a person who practiced psychology in a nonexempt setting without a current license.

   The provisions of this §  41.13 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.13 adopted January 15, 1993, effective January 16, 1993, 23 Pa.B. 264.

PROFESSIONAL CORPORATIONS AND
FICTITIOUS NAMES

§ 41.26. Professional corporations.

 (a)  A psychologist licensed by the Board may professionally incorporate with other licensed psychologists or with licensed chiropractors, medical doctors, nurses, optometrists, doctors of osteopathy, pharmacists, podiatrists, veterinarians, dentists, engineers, nursing home administrators, physical therapists, occupational therapists, audiologists, speech-language pathologists, teachers of the hearing impaired and social workers, if the incorporation is also authorized by Chapters 5, 17, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45 and 47.

 (b)  The articles of incorporation and registry statement of the proposed corporation shall be filed with the Board for review and approval prior to their submission to the Corporation Bureau. The filer shall identify all parties with an ownership interest in the business and all licensed or unlicensed professional staff.

 (c)  The name of a professional corporation must be approved by the Board prior to its use. Names which contravene the ethical principles set out in §  41.61 (relating to Code of Ethics) or which, when regarded in their entirety, are false, misleading or deceptive will be disapproved. When applied to names which limit the practice to a particular area of psychology—for example, neuropsychology, clinical psychology or biofeedback—these standards of review require the filer to submit documentation of training sufficient to establish the credentials in that area of the relevant service providers.

 (d)  Psychologists who establish multi-disciplinary practices with nonpsychologists shall ensure that announcements of services to the public accurately represent the professions of service providers.

   The provisions of this §  41.26 issued under section 476.1 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. §  180-6.1(b)(2)); and section 7 of the Professional Corporation Law (15 P. S. §  2907(b)(2)); amended under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 (a)  A psychologist practicing as a sole proprietor or in association with other psychologists in a business form other than a professional corporation may do business under a fictitious name.

 (b)  A fictitious name registration shall be filed with the Board for review and approval prior to its submission to the Corporation Bureau. The filer shall identify all parties with an ownership interest in the business and all licensed or unlicensed professional staff.

 (c)  A fictitious name must be approved by the Board prior to its use. Names which contravene the ethical principles set out in §  41.61 (relating to Code of Ethics) or which, when regarded in their entirety, are false, misleading or deceptive will be disapproved. When applied to names which limit the practice to a particular area of psychology—for example, neuropsychology, clinical psychology or biofeedback—these standards of review require the filer to submit documentation of training sufficient to establish the credentials in that area of all relevant service providers.

   The provisions of this §  41.27 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.27 adopted June 12, 1992, effective June 13, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 2982.

QUALIFICATIONS

§ 41.31. Qualifications for taking licensing examination.

 (a)  Administrative procedures.

   (1)  Applications to take the licensing examination and instructions for applicants, including deadlines for filing, may be secured from the Board. If an applicant, without reasons satisfactory to the Board, fails to report for both the first examination and the one subsequent to it, the applicant’s application will be considered to have been withdrawn. If the applicant wishes to take a future examination, a new application shall be submitted to the Board. The application will be reviewed on the basis of the law and regulations existing at the time.

   (2)  An applicant who has been deemed ineligible to take the examination shall be notified in writing of the reasons for ineligibility, whereupon the applicant may within 30 days of the notice correct the causes for the ineligibility or file a request for reconsideration. A request for reconsideration shall give the reasons for the applicant’s request, shall be accompanied by documentary materials not previously submitted which the applicant wishes the Board to consider, and may include a request for an informal interview before the Board.

 (b)  Education. Before an applicant seeking licensure under section 6 of the act (63 P. S. §  1206) shall be permitted to take the licensing examination, the Board must be satisfied that the applicant has complied with the requirements for a doctoral degree in psychology or a field related to psychology as defined in §  41.1 (relating to definitions). The following documentation evidences compliance:

   (1)  For degree holders from a program in the United States, Canada or United States territories, a Verification of Doctoral Program Approval Status completed by the program’s director reflecting accreditation by the APA or CPA or designation by the ASPPB/National Register Designation Project within 1 year from the award of the doctoral degree, and an official transcript from the registrar.

   (2)  For degree holders from a foreign college or university, an evaluation completed by the National Register evidencing compliance with the educational requirements for degree holders from foreign colleges or universities in §  41.1. The Board will make a determination regarding the applicant’s compliance based upon the evaluation.

   (3)  An applicant who does not meet the criteria in paragraph (2) shall complete supplemental education or training, or both, from a program accredited by the APA or the CPA or designated by ASPPB/National Register Designation Project based upon an evaluation of the deficiency by the program. The program director shall certify that the supplemental coursework or experience, or both, makes the applicant equivalent to a graduate of that program.

   (4)  First-time applicants who enroll in a graduate degree program in psychology on or after July 1, 2008, will be evaluated under this chapter. Applicants enrolled prior to July 1, 2008, will be evaluated under regulations in effect at the time of enrollment. Reapplicants under subsection (a)(1) or §  41.42(b) (relating to reexamination) will be evaluated under regulations in effect at the time of reapplication.

   (5)  First-time applicants who were enrolled in a doctoral degree program prior to March 23, 1991, will have their education credentials evaluated under regulations in effect at that time. Reapplicants under subsection (a)(1) or §  41.42(b) (relating to reexamination) will be evaluated under regulations in effect at the time of reapplication.

 (c)  Experience. To meet the experience requirements for licensure under section 6 of the act (63 P. S. §  1206), an applicant shall submit evidence of having completed 2 years of supervised experience which trained the applicant for the independent practice of psychology. At least 1 year of this supervised experience shall be obtained subsequent to the granting of the doctoral degree. For purposes of calculating experience the Board has defined a year as 1500 hours. All supervised experience must be acceptable to the Board. Acceptable predoctoral experience is limited to formal integrated internships—that is, internships which are integrated in terms of both the applicant’s educational background and all aspects of the professional practice in which the applicant intends to engage.

   (1)  Postdoctoral experience.

     (i)   Experience acceptable to the Board means experience as a psychology trainee in a professional setting that is organized to prepare the applicant for the practice of psychology consistent with the applicant’s education and training. At least one-half of the experience shall consist of providing services in one or more of the following areas: diagnosis, assessment, therapy, other interventions, consultation. Acceptable experience does not include the following:

       (A)   Independent private practice as a qualified member of another recognized profession under section 3(3) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(3)).

       (B)   Independent private practice as a certified school psychologist under section 3(10) of the act.

       (C)   Practice as an independent contractor.

     (ii)   A psychology trainee shall, in every professional setting in which the trainee gains experience, be supervised by a psychologist holding a current license issued by this Board or by a statutory board of psychologist examiners of another state, if, in the opinion of the Board, the requirements for licensure are substantially equivalent to the requirements of the act.

       (A)   The supervisor shall own, be employed by or be in contract status with the professional setting in which the psychology trainee is employed.

       (B)   The supervisor shall be responsible for ensuring that the minimum requirements for acceptable supervised experience are met.

       (C)   Psychological activities of the psychology trainee shall be performed pursuant to the delegation, order and control of the supervisor, who shall accept full professional responsibility for the psychology trainee’s performance. Accordingly, the ultimate responsibility for the welfare of the client/patient shall be in the hands of the supervising licensed psychologist.

         (I)   The supervisor may delegate clearly defined areas of the psychology trainee’s supervision to other professionals affiliated with the professional setting whose competence in the delegated areas has been demonstrated by previous education, training and experience.

         (II)   Although the supervisor shall continue to bear the ultimate responsibility for supervision, those to whom supervisory responsibilities are delegated shall be individually responsible for activities of the psychology trainee performed under their supervision.

       (D)   The supervisor shall ensure that clients/patients of the psychology trainee are aware of the trainee’s status and of the supervisor’s overall responsibility for the services they receive.

       (E)   The supervisor shall meet individually with the psychology trainee for an average of at least 2 hours a week. If the supervisor has delegated supervisory responsibilities to other professionals, 1 hour of this minimum may be allocated, at the direction of the supervisor, between or among them.

       (F)   Reports, records and other communications prepared by the psychology trainee for distribution outside the professional setting shall be signed by the trainee and countersigned as ‘‘reviewed and approved by’’ the supervisor or other delegated professional.

       (G)   A supervisor who is temporarily unable to provide supervision shall designate a qualified substitute and shall ensure that the psychology trainee’s clients/patients are informed of the temporary substitution.

       (H)   A supervisor who wishes to terminate supervision during the training period shall give the trainee notice reasonably calculated to enable the trainee to obtain another qualified supervisor. In no event shall a supervisor terminate supervision when termination would result in abandonment of the trainee’s clients/patients.

       (I)   The supervisor shall observe the standards in §  41.32 (relating to standards for supervisors) and shall ensure that those to whom supervisory responsibilities are delegated comply with these standards.

     (iii)   Supervised work activity will be counted toward satisfying the experience requirement only if it takes place in a single setting for either, first, at least 30 hours per week but no more than 40 hours per week during at least a 3-month period or, second, at least 15 hours per week for a period of at least 6 months. The experience shall have been obtained within the most recent 10 calendar years, at least half within the most recent 5 calendar years.

   (2)  Predoctoral experience. Predoctoral integrated internships shall meet the requirements in paragraph (1) and shall satisfy the following additional criteria:

     (i)   Upon entering the internship the psychology trainee shall have had supervised training for 450 or more hours.

     (ii)   During the internship the psychology trainee shall have a sequence of experiences designed to enhance professional attitudes, responsibilities and technical skills.

     (iii)   The psychology trainee shall participate in learning activities for an average of at least 2 hours per week, in addition to the supervision referred to in paragraph (1)(ii)(E).

     (iv)   The psychology trainee shall interact formally and informally with psychologists, other service providers and other trainees.

     (v)   The internship shall extend for a year and include at least 1500 hours of experience with at least 25% of the time (375 hours) in direct client/patient contact and no more than 25% of the time in research, or the internship shall extend for 2 years half-time and meet the other requirements in this subparagraph.

   (3)  Exception. A psychology trainee who cannot make the supervisory arrangements required by this section may request the Board to approve a detailed written plan for supervision. The granting of such a request shall be at the Board’s discretion. The Board will evaluate each plan submitted and each trainee’s situation on a case-by-case basis.

   (4)  Timing. First-time applicants who commenced postdoctoral supervised experience prior to March 23, 1991, will have their postdoctoral experience credentials evaluated under regulations in effect at that time. Reapplicants under subsection (a)(1) or §  41.42(b) (relating to reexamination) will be evaluated under regulations in effect at the time of reapplication.

   (5)  Continued training. Applicants for admission to the Board’s licensing examination may continue in training in a professional setting consistent with good professional practice until they pass the examination. This continued training shall be supervised by a licensed psychologist, who shall be ultimately responsible for the psychological activities of the applicant. Applicants may also practice in settings exempted from the licensure requirement under section 3(4), (6), (8) and (10) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(4), (6), (8) and (10)).

   The provisions of this §  41.31 amended under section 812.1 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (71 P. S. §  279.3a); and sections 3.2(1) and (2), 3.3 and 6 of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1203.2(1) and (2), 1203.3 and 1206).

   The provisions of this §  41.31 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended September 8, 1978, effective September 9, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2530; amended April 13, 1990, effective April 14, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2034; corrected April 27, 1990, effective April 14, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2286; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended November 15, 1991, effective November 16, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 5343; amended January 25, 2002, effective January 26, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 424; amended June 2, 2006, effective June 3, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 2680; amended July 21, 2006, effective July 22, 2006, 36 Pa.B. 3813. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (319675) to (319679).

 To ensure the quality of supervised experience, the Board requires that supervisors and those to whom supervisory responsibilities are delegated under §  41.31(c)(2)(iii)(A) (relating to qualifications for taking licensing examination) comply with the standards in paragraphs (1)—(19). Supervisors will be asked to attest to compliance on the verification of experience form which shall accompany the supervisee’s application to take the Board’s licensing examination. The Board reserves the right to require a supervisor by documentation or otherwise to establish to the Board’s satisfaction that compliance occurred.

   (1)  The supervisor shall be qualified by training and experience to practice in the supervisee’s areas of supervised practice.

   (2)  The supervisor shall be the owner of, an employe of, or in contract status with the professional setting employing the supervisee and may not be subject in any way to the supervisee’s control or influence.

   (3)  The supervisor shall be accessible to the supervisee for consultation.

   (4)  The supervisor shall be accessible to clients/patients of the supervisee for the purpose of answering questions and responding to concerns.

   (5)  The supervisor shall be responsible for the supervisee’s services to each client/patient.

   (6)  The supervisor shall be empowered to interrupt or terminate the supervisee’s activities in providing services to a client/patient and, if necessary, to terminate the supervisory relationship.

   (7)  The supervisor may not be a relative of the supervisee by blood or marriage, may not be involved in a dual relationship which obliges the supervisor to the supervisee and may not engage in treatment of the supervisee.

   (8)  The supervisor may not be the subject of a disciplinary action by a licensing board.

   (9)  The supervisor shall establish objectives to be achieved by the supervisee during supervision.

   (10)  The supervisor shall review issues of practice and ethics with the supervisee.

   (11)  The supervisor shall maintain notes or records of scheduled supervisory sessions.

   (12)  The supervisor shall observe client/patient sessions of the supervisee or review verbatim recordings of these sessions on a regular basis.

   (13)  In regularly scheduled supervisory meetings, the supervisor shall discuss the supervisee’s level of work—for example, the supervisee’s areas of competence and areas of needed improvement.

   (14)  The supervisor shall provide to the supervisee recommendations bearing on further development, shall encourage the supervisee to read widely in the professional literature and shall help the supervisee gain a level of skill necessary for independent practice.

   (15)  The supervisor shall prepare written evaluations or reports of progress which shall delineate the supervisee’s strengths and weaknesses. These evaluations or reports shall be discussed with the supervisee on at least a quarterly basis.

   (16)  The supervisor shall encourage the supervisee to work with professionals in other disciplines as indicated by the needs of each client/patient and shall periodically observe these cooperative encounters.

   (17)  The supervisor may not accept fees, honoraria, favors or gifts from the supervisee.

   (18)  The supervisor shall ensure that the supervisee’s status as a psychology trainee is made known to clients/patients and to third-party payors.

   (19)  The supervisor shall ensure that the supervisee has access to multidisciplinary consultation, as necessary.

   The provisions of this §  41.32 amended under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.32 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (145955) to (145956).

   This section cited in 49 Pa. Code §  41.8 (relating to Department of Health licensing of substance abuse services provided by psychology practices—statement of policy); 49 Pa. Code §  41.11 (relating to licenses); and 49 Pa. Code §  41.31 (relating to qualifications for taking licensing examination).

EXAMINATIONS

§ 41.41. Examinations.

 The examination is composed of a National and State portion. Applicants shall obtain a passing score to qualify for licensure. Information about the content of the examination is available from the Board office.

   The provisions of this §  41.41 amended under section 3.2(1) and (2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(1) and (2)).

 (a)  After first-time failure, candidates may take a second examination upon filing an updated application and paying the reapplication fee—first time examination failure specified in §  41.12 (relating to fees), but only after the expiration of 6 months and within 2 years following the first examination date.

 (b)  After subsequent unsuccessful examinations, applicants may reapply to take any portion of the examination after 60 days following the failure, but shall satisfy the administrative, education and experience requirements prevailing at the time of the reapplication, file a verification of experience form and pay the reapplication fee—subsequent examination failure specified in §  41.12.

 (c)  The applicant will be judged pass or fail on the basis of the standards prevailing at the time of reexamination.

 (d)  No applicant will be permitted to sit for more than four examinations in any 1-year period.

   The provisions of this §  41.42 amended under section 3.2(1) and (2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(1) and (2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.42 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended May 27, 1977, effective May 28, 1977, 7 Pa.B. 1426; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended January 25, 2002, effective January 26, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 424; amended December 6, 2002, effective December 7, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 5956. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (286910).

 (a)  Under section 3.2(6) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(6)), the Board may waive examination and grant a license in cases it deems exceptional by virtue of the applicant’s international or national reputation for having made an extraordinary contribution to the science or practice of psychology, if, in the opinion of the Board, the applicant possesses current competency to practice.

 (b)  Applicants seeking licensure without examination under this section shall formally petition the Board in writing to consider documentation supporting their request for a waiver.

 (c)  Each decision on a petition for waiver shall be within the discretion of the Board and shall be communicated to the applicant in writing, with the reasons for the decision specified.

MISCELLANEOUS

§ 41.51. Areas of acceptable practice.

 The Board requires psychology trainees and licensees to limit their practices to areas of demonstrated competence, as expounded in Principle 2 of §  41.61 (relating to Code of Ethics).

   The provisions of this §  41.51 amended under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.51 adopted February 6, 1976, effective February 7, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 229; amended March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (123345).

 (a)  A person who holds a current license or certificate to practice psychology issued by a statutory board of psychologist examiners of a state with requirements for licensure which are deemed by the Board to be equivalent to those of the Commonwealth may be exempt from examination. Application for licensure under these circumstances shall be made on forms supplied by the Board and shall be accompanied by the initial application fees specified in §  41.12 (relating to fees).

 (b)  An applicant who has passed the National portion of the examination with a score equivalent to or higher than the passing score then prevailing in this Commonwealth will not be required to repeat this portion of the examination.

 (c)  In accordance with section 3(7) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(7)), a psychologist licensed for independent practice by a statutory board of psychologist examiners of another state or a province of Canada, whose license is current and in good standing, may practice psychology on temporary assignment in this Commonwealth for up to 6 months, after written notification to the Board and receipt from the Board, in writing, of temporary permission to practice. The Board will grant no more than one extension of the 6-month period, the extension not to exceed an additional 6 months. Requests for extensions shall be made to the Board in writing. A psychologist on temporary assignment in this Commonwealth for an aggregate of no more than 14 days is exempted from the notification requirement.

   The provisions of this §  41.52 amended under section 3.2(1) and (2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(1) and (2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.52 adopted March 17, 1978, effective March 18, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 756; amended March 22, 1991, effective March 23, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 1171; amended May 22, 1998, effective May 23, 1998, 28 Pa.B. 2412; amended December 6, 2002, effective December 7, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 5956. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (244929) to (244930).

 As necessary, the Board will adopt procedures to assist it in processing applications in an orderly fashion.

   The provisions of this §  41.53 amended under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 The Board will give official consideration only to communications which are made in writing and which are directed to the Board office. Communications from the Board will not be deemed official unless they are authorized by the Board or are generated in writing by an officer of the Board. Unilateral communications from individual Board members are not official Board communications.

   The provisions of this §  41.55 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 Under section 3(10) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(10)), school psychologists certified by the Department of Education may perform in private practice those acts which they are permitted to perform in the public and private schools of this Commonwealth. A person engaged in the private practice of school psychology under this section shall satisfy the following criteria:

   (1)  The person shall hold a current certificate as an Educational Specialist I or II in school psychology issued by the Department of Education.

   (2)  Concurrently with engaging in private practice, the person shall be employed in a school in this Commonwealth as a school psychologist in good standing.

   The provisions of this §  41.56 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 (a)  This section sets out the Board’s minimum requirements for the maintenance of professional records by psychologists. These requirements express the Board’s belief that a psychologist’s commitment to the welfare of a client/patient includes the duty to record accurately that person’s progress through the evaluation and intervention process. Compliance with this section does not excuse psychologists from complying with stricter standards otherwise imposed by State or Federal law or regulation or by institutional requirements.

 (b)  A psychologist shall maintain a legible record for each client/patient which includes, at a minimum:

   (1)  The name and address of the client/patient and, if the client/patient is a minor, the names of the parents or the name of the legal guardian. If a minor’s parents are separated, notation of legal custodial arrangements is required.

   (2)  The presenting problem or purpose or diagnosis.

   (3)  The fee arrangement.

   (4)  The date and substance of each service contact.

   (5)  Test results or other evaluative results obtained and basic test data from which they were derived.

   (6)  Notation and results of formal consults with other providers.

   (7)  A copy of all test or other evaluative reports prepared as part of the professional relationship.

   (8)  Authorizations, if any, by the client/patient for release of records or information.

 (c)  A psychologist shall store and dispose of written, electronic and other records in a manner which insures their confidentiality.

 (d)  To meet the requirements of this section, so as to provide a formal record for review, but not necessarily for other legal purposes, a psychologist shall assure that all data entries in professional records are maintained for at least 5 years after the last date that service was rendered. A psychologist shall also abide by other legal requirements for record retention, even if longer periods of retention are required for other purposes.

 (e)  A psychologist shall provide for the confidential disposition of records in the event of the psychologist’s withdrawal from practice, incapacity or death.

 (f)  Failure to comply with this section shall subject the violator to disciplinary action under section 8(a)(15) of the act (63 P. S. §  1208(a)(15)).

   The provisions of this §  41.57 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

 (a)  Statutory authority and purpose. Under section 3(12) of the act (63 P. S. §  1203(12)), psychologists licensed by the Board may employ ‘‘professional employes with graduate training in psychology,’’ who ‘‘shall perform their duties under the full direction, control and supervision of a licensed psychologist.’’ Section 41.58 sets standards for the employment and supervision of unlicensed persons who come within the statutory language. Section 41.58 does not apply to persons completing the experience requirement for licensure, to employes who are licensed and regulated by other Boards in the Bureau, or to employes of psychologists practicing in settings exempted from the licensure requirement under section 3(4), (6), (8) and (10) of the act.

 (b)  Responsibilities of employing psychologists and supervising psychologists. The employing psychologist shall ensure that the employe has satisfied the education requirement set out in the definition of ‘‘graduate training in psychology’’ in §  41.1 (relating to definitions) and shall bear full professional responsibility for the welfare of every client/patient served by the employe. The employing psychologist shall supervise the employe as set out in subsection (c) or shall assign the supervisory function to another licensed psychologist affiliated with the employment setting. A supervising psychologist shall be qualified to render competently every psychological service which the employe undertakes, except that clearly defined areas of the employe’s supervision may be delegated to other professionals affiliated with the employment setting whose competence in the delegated areas has been demonstrated by previous education, training and experience. Although the employing psychologist shall continue to bear the ultimate responsibility for services rendered by the employe, a psychologist who supervises an unlicensed person under this section shall be individually responsible for activities of that person performed under the psychologist’s supervision or pursuant to the psychologist’s delegation.

 (c)  Supervision requirements. The Board recognizes that variations in the training of unlicensed employes will require individually tailored supervision. The following are the minimum supervisory requirements acceptable to the Board:

   (1)  The supervisor shall ensure that the employe possesses skills commensurate with the work assigned.

   (2)  The supervisor shall plan all service delivery procedures in consultation with the employe. The supervisor shall acquire knowledge of clients/patients, through face-to-face contact when necessary, sufficient to carry out this duty effectively.

   (3)  The supervisor shall establish and maintain a level of supervisory contact consistent with professional standards. These standards require regular face-to-face consultation with the employe, either individually or in a group. In particular, the supervisor shall acquaint the employe with the Code of Ethics found in §  41.61 (relating to Code of Ethics) and shall, under that section, be accountable for ethical violations by the employe.

   (4)  The supervisor shall be available for emergency consultation and intervention.

   (5)  The supervisor shall maintain an ongoing record detailing the activities in which the employe is engaged, the level of competence in each, and the outcome of all procedures.

   (6)  The supervisor shall ensure that the employe signs all reports, records and other communications prepared by the employe for distribution or maintenance within the employment setting. Written communications prepared by the employe for distribution outside the employment setting shall be signed by the employe and countersigned as ‘‘reviewed and approved by’’ the supervisor.

   (7)  The supervisor shall ensure that the employe’s supervised status is made known to clients/patients and that the employe’s title clearly indicates this status. The supervisor shall provide clients/patients with specific information regarding the employe’s qualifications and functions.

   (8)  The supervisor shall inform clients/patients of the employe about the possibility of periodic meetings with the supervisor at their or the supervisor’s request.

   (9)  The supervisor shall simultaneously supervise no more than three full-time or their equivalent in part-time employes. Designation of full-time and part-time shall be made in accordance with the employer’s own personnel policy.

 (d)  Billing and public announcements. The employing psychologist shall disclose the unlicensed, supervised status of the employe when billing for psychological services of the employe and in public announcements of services and fees involving the employe.

 (e)  Noncompliance. Noncompliance with this section will be considered unprofessional conduct and will subject the noncomplying psychologist to disciplinary action under section 8(b) of the act (63 P. S. §  1208(b)).

   The provisions of this §  41.58 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)).

   The provisions of this §  41.58 adopted June 12, 1992, effective June 13, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 2982.

   Confidentiality

   The privilege accorded psychotherapist-client communications is subject to qualification after the client’s death where: (1) there is an ongoing criminal investigation; (2) the client is not the alleged offender; (3) the criminal investigation concerns the client’s death; (4) the inquiry is in the context of a grand jury proceeding; and, (5) the evidence sought is relevant to the Commonwealth’s case against a third party. In re Subpoena No. 22, 709 A.2d 385 (Pa. Super. 1998).

 (a)  Definitions. The following words and terms, when used in this section, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

   Biennium—The period from December 1 of an odd-numbered year to November 30 of the next odd-numbered year.

   CEU—Continuing Education Unit—A unit for measuring contact hours of continuing education. One CEU equals 10 contact hours.

   Contact hour—A unit of measure equaling 50 to 60 minutes of participation in an approved continuing education course or program.

 (b)  Continuing education requirement for biennial renewal. As a condition of biennial license renewal, a psychologist shall have completed during the preceding biennium a minimum of 30 contact hours (3 CEUs) of continuing education in acceptable courses, programs or activities which shall include at least 3 contact hours per biennium in ethical issues. Up to 10 contact hours in excess of 30 from the immediately preceding biennium may be carried over from one biennium to the next. Excess hours in ethical issues may not be used to satisfy the ethics requirement for the succeeding biennium but may be credited toward the total requirement.

 (c)  Reports to the Board. A psychologist shall certify to compliance with the contact hours requirement at the time of biennial renewal. A psychologist shall retain for at least two bienniums, certificates, transcripts or other documentation showing completion of the prescribed number of contact hours. These records are subject to audit by the Board.

 (d)  Approved sponsors; acceptable courses and programs.

   (1)  Courses and programs approved by Board-approved sponsors will be accepted as satisfying all or part of the continuing education requirement. It is the responsibility of the psychologist to ascertain the approval status of the sponsor before undertaking a continuing education activity.

   (2)  Irrespective of the sponsor, the Board reserves the right to reject a continuing education course/program submitted by a psychologist if it is outside the scope of practice of psychology or is otherwise unacceptable because of presentation or content. The Board will not accept courses/programs which are unrelated to the actual practice of psychology—for example, instruction in office management or practice building. A psychologist will be notified of a rejected course/program in writing, along with the reason for the rejection.

   (3)  The Board has approved the following sponsors:

     (i)   Accredited colleges or universities as long as the course/program corresponds to the scope of practice of psychology and generates semester/quarter hour credit.

     (ii)   The American Psychological Association (APA) and APA-approved sponsors.

     (iii)   Sponsors approved by the American Medical Association who meet the criteria of paragraph (4). Programs offered by these sponsors shall relate to the practice of psychology.

   (4)  The Board will consider for approval, on a biennial basis, National and regional professional associations which offer courses and programs for psychologists, and sponsors approved by these associations. An association seeking Board approval for itself or its sponsors shall submit an application to the Board. The applicant will be notified of approval or disapproval in writing. Notifications of disapproval will set forth reasons. The Board will not approve a sponsor unless it:

     (i)   Offers courses/programs with specific learning objectives.

     (ii)   Has a procedure for determining consumers’ perceptions of the extent to which the objectives have been met.

   (5)  The Board may withdraw approval of a sponsor for cause. The sponsor will be notified in writing of the reasons for withdrawal of approval.

 (e)  Home study. A psychologist may accrue up to 15 of the required contact hours in home study courses offered by approved sponsors as long as the course has specific learning objectives and the sponsor evaluates the extent of learning that has taken place.

 (f)  Instruction.

   (1)  A psychologist may accrue up to 15 of the required contact hours by offering one of the following:

     (i)   A course in psychology for a regionally accredited college or university if the course generates semester/quarter hour credit.

     (ii)   A workshop for an approved sponsor.

   (2)  A clock hour of instruction equals 1 contact hour. An individual course or workshop may be credited to the instructor only once every 4 years. The hours of continuing education granted to a psychologist who participates as a workshop instructor will be determined by dividing the number of continuing education hours granted for the workshop by the number of instructors participating in the workshop.

 (g)  Professional writing.

   (1)  A psychologist may accrue the equivalent of up to 10 of the required contact hours by writing one of the following:

     (i)   An article published in a journal abstracted in PSYCHLIT.

     (ii)   A chapter, or more, in a text or trade book for psychologists published by a commercial publisher or a state or National psychological association.

   (2)  No more than 10 contact hour equivalents of professional writing may be granted for one article or chapter published during the preceding biennium. Ten hours per publication, divided by the number of authors, will result in the number of contact hours granted per person per publication.

 (h)  Exemptions and prorations.

   (1)  The Board will exempt from the continuing education requirement a psychologist who received a license within 2 years of the psychologist’s first application for biennial renewal.

   (2)  A psychologist who is licensed under §  41.52 (relating to persons licensed in other states) shall comply with the continuing education requirement, but the psychologist’s contact hours will be prorated on a quarterly basis from the date of licensure in this Commonwealth to the next biennial renewal date. Each quarter will consist of 3 months. Beginning with the quarter immediately following licensure in this Commonwealth, at least 3.75 contact hours (.375 CEU) shall be earned for each quarter.

 (i)  Reinstatement of licensure. Reinstatement of licensure shall be subject to the following conditions:

   (1)  A person whose license has lapsed or been inactive shall show compliance with the continuing education requirement during the biennium immediately preceding the request for reinstatement.

   (2)  A person whose license has been suspended or restricted shall show compliance with the continuing education requirement during the period of suspension or restriction.

 (j)  Waivers. A psychologist who cannot meet the continuing education requirement may apply to the Board in writing for a waiver. The request shall include a description of circumstances sufficient to show why compliance is impossible. Waiver requests will be evaluated by the Board on a case-by-case basis and will be approved or disapproved at its discretion.

 (k)  Curing deficiencies. A psychologist with a deficiency in contact hours may apply to the Board in writing for leave to make up the contact hours in arrears. The request shall include an explanation of why the deficiency occurred and a plan, along with the estimated time needed, for curing it. Requests will be evaluated by the Board on a case-by-case basis and will be approved or disapproved at its discretion.

   The provisions of this §  41.59 issued under section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)); amended under sections 3.2(2) and 15 of the Professional Psychological Practice Act (63 P. S. § §  1203.2(2) and 1215).

   The provisions of this §  41.59 adopted June 12, 1992, effective July 13, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 2982; amended December 19, 1997, effective December 1, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 6566; amended April 26, 2002, effective April 27, 2002, 32 Pa.B. 2114. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (247962) and (238343) to (238345).

   This section cited in 49 Pa. Code §  41.13 (relating to reactivation of license).

CODE OF ETHICS

§ 41.61. Code of Ethics.

 Whereas the Board is empowered by section 3.2(2) of the Professional Psychologists Practice Act (63 P. S. §  1203.2(2)), to promulgate rules and regulations, including, but not limited to, a code of ethics for psychologists in this Commonwealth and whereas the Board finds and determines that the following rules are necessary to establish and maintain the high standard of integrity and dignity in the profession of psychology and are necessary in the public interest to protect the public against unprofessional conduct on the part of a psychologist, in accordance with the act, the Board does hereby adopt this code of ethics for psychologists in this Commonwealth. Psychology students, interns, residents and trainees are put on notice that their violation of an ethical obligation imposed on psychologists by this section may be regarded by the Board as evidence of unac-ceptable moral character or of unacceptable supervised experience disqualifying them from licensure under section 6(a)(1) or (2) of the act (63 P. S. §  1206(a)(1) and (2)). Licensed psychologists are put on notice that an ethical violation by an individual rendering or offering to render psychological services under their supervision, as provided by the act, may result in disciplinary proceedings against the supervisor under section 8(a) of the act (63 P. S. §  1208(a)).

 Preamble

 Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of the individual and honor the preservation and protection of fundamental human rights. They are committed to increasing knowledge of human behavior and of people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the utilization of that knowledge for the promotion of human welfare. While pursuing these endeavors, they make every effort to protect the welfare of those who seek their services or of a human being or animal that may be the object of study. They use their skills only for purposes consistent with these values and do not knowingly permit their misuse by others. While demanding for themselves freedom in inquiry and communication, psychologists accept the responsibility this freedom requires: competence, objectivity in the application of skills, and concern for the best interests of clients, colleagues and society in general.

 Principle 1. Responsibility.

 (a)  In their commitment to the understanding of human behavior, psychologists value objectivity and integrity, and in providing services they maintain the highest standards of their profession. They accept responsibility for the consequences of their work and make every effort to insure that their services are used appropriately.

 (b)  As scientists, psychologists accept responsibility for the selection of their research topics and the methods used in investigation, analysis and reporting. They plan their research in ways to minimize the possibility that their findings will be misleading. They provide thorough discussion on the limitations of their data, especially when their work touches on social policy or might be construed to the detriment of persons in specific age, sex, ethnic, socioeconomic or other social groups. In publishing reports of their work, they never suppress disconfirming data, and they acknowledge the existence of alternative hypotheses and explanations of their findings. Psychologists take credit only for work they have actually done.

 (c)  Psychologists clarify in advance with appropriate persons and agencies the expectations for sharing and utilizing research data. They avoid relationships that may limit their objectivity or create a conflict of interest. Interference with the milieu in which data are collected is kept to a minimum.

 (d)  Psychologists have the responsibility to attempt to prevent distortion, misuse or suppression of psychological findings by the institution or agency of which they are employes.

 (e)  As members of governmental or other organizational bodies, psychologists remain accountable as individuals to the highest standards of their profession.

 (f)  As owners or participants in ownership of a professional corporation, psychologists retain full professional liability to persons who, in the course of a professional relationship, suffer personal injury by reason of their actions or omissions.

 (g)  As teachers, psychologists recognize their primary obligation to help others acquire knowledge and skill. They maintain high standards of scholarship by presenting psychological information objectively, fully and accurately.

 (h)  As practitioners, psychologists know that they bear a heavy social responsibility because their recommendations and professional actions may alter the lives of others. They are alert to personal, social, organizational, financial or political situations and pressures that might lead to misuse of their influence.

 (i)  As professionals utilizing computerized assessments or computer-generated data, psychologists abide by the following principles:

   (1)  The professional psychologist is legally and ethically responsible for psychological assessment and the generation and use of data as a service to the public.

   (2)  When the results of computerized testing are provided to a psychologist, that psychologist becomes responsible for their use.

   (3)  When the results of computerized testing are provided to a nonpsychologist, the psychologist shall provide to the nonpsychologist a psychological assessment and evaluation according to current standards for noncomputerized psychological assessments.
 Principle 2. Competency.

 (a)  The maintenance of high standards of professional competence is a responsibility shared by psychologists in the interest of the public and the profession as a whole. Psychologists recognize the boundaries of their competence and the limitations of their techniques. They provide only services and use only techniques for which they are qualified by education and training, consistent with the American Psychological Association’s General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services. In areas in which recognized standards do not yet exist, psychologists take whatever precautions are necessary to protect the welfare of their clients. They maintain knowledge of current scientific and professional information related to the services they render.

 (b)  The psychologist discourages the practice of psychology by unqualified persons and assists the public in identifying psychologists competent to give dependable professional service. When a psychologist or person identifying himself as a psychologist, either as a licensed practitioner or as an applicant for licensure identified as a psychologist-in-training, violates ethical standards, psychologists who know first hand of these activities attempt to rectify the situation. When such a situation cannot be dealt with informally, it is called to the attention of the Board.

 (c)  Psychologists regarded as qualified for independent practice in this Commonwealth are those who have been licensed by the Board. Individuals who do not yet meet the qualifications recognized for independent practice shall gain experience under qualified supervision, as employes, interns or students, until they pass the licensing examination of the Board. An ownership interest by a person who provides direct services to a client in a business which provides psychological services constitutes independent practice.

 (d)  Psychologists accurately represent their competence, education, training and experience. They claim as evidence of psychological educational qualifications only those degrees obtained from institutions accredited by a regional accrediting association approved by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation (CORPA). Degrees earned from foreign colleges and universities may be represented only if they are determined to be equivalent to the degrees conferred by these accredited institutions. Determinations of equivalency shall be made by an agency acceptable to the Board, subject to the Board’s final approval. Representations of nonpsychological earned academic degrees are not prohibited, if the degrees are from accredited schools. If these degrees are generic, such as Ph.D., Ed.D., M.S., M.A. and M.Ed., the holder may represent them, but shall specify the discipline in which each particular degree was earned.

 (e)  As teachers, psychologists perform their duties on the basis of careful preparation so that their instruction is accurate, current and scholarly.

 (f)  Psychologists participate in continuing education programs and keep informed of new professional procedures and knowledge.

 (g)  Psychologists obtain whatever training, experience or counsel is necessary to enable them to recognize differences among people, such as those that may be associated with age, sex or socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds.

 (h)  Psychologists responsible for decisions involving individuals or policies based on test results have an understanding of psychological or educational measurement, validation problems and test research.

 (i)  Psychologists recognize that personal problems and conflicts may interfere with professional effectiveness. Accordingly, they refrain from undertaking activities in which their personal problems are likely to lead to inadequate performance or harm to a client, colleague, student or research participant. If engaged in the activity when they become aware of their personal problems, they seek competent professional assistance to determine whether they should suspend, terminate or limit the scope of their professional or scientific activities.
 Principle 3. Moral and legal standards.

 (a)  Psychologists’ moral, ethical and legal standards of behavior are a personal matter to the same degree as they are for other citizens, except as these may compromise the fulfillment of their professional responsibilities or reduce the trust in psychology or psychologists held by the general public. Regarding their own behavior, psychologists should be aware of the prevailing community standards and of the possible impact upon the quality of professional services provided by their conformity to or deviation from these standards. Psychologists are also aware of the possible impact of their public behavior upon the ability of colleagues to perform their professional duties.

 (b)  As teachers, psychologists are aware of the fact that their personal values may affect the selection and presentation of instructional materials. When dealing with topics that may give offense, they recognize and respect the diverse attitudes that students may have toward materials.

 (c)  As employes or employers, psychologists do not engage in or condone practices that are inhumane or that result in illegal or unjustifiable actions. These practices include, but are not limited to, those which constitute unlawful discriminatory practices under section 1 of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (43 P. S. §  955).

 (d)  In their professional roles, psychologists avoid action that will violate or diminish the legal and civil rights of clients or of others who may be affected by their actions.

 (e)  As practitioners and researchers, psychologists act in accord with American Psychological Association standards and guidelines related to practice and to the conduct of research with human beings and animals. In the ordinary course of events, psychologists adhere to relevant governmental laws and institutional regulations. Whenever the laws, regulations or standards are in conflict, psychologists make known their commitment to a resolution of the conflict. Both practitioners and researchers are concerned with the development of laws and regulations which best serve the public interest.
 Principle 4. Public statement.

 (a)  Public statements, announcements of services and promotional activities of psychologists serve the purpose of providing sufficient information to aid the consumer public in making informed judgments and choices. Psychologists represent accurately and objectively their professional qualifications, affiliations and functions, as well as those of the institutions or organizations with which they or the statements may be associated. In public statements providing psychological information or professional opinions or providing information about the availability of psychological products, publications and services, psychologists base their statements on scientifically acceptable psychological findings and techniques with full recognition of the limits and uncertainties of the evidence.

 (b)  Only psychologists licensed by a state board of psychologist examiners may be listed under the heading of psychologists in the yellow pages of the telephone directory. Psychologists licensed in a state other than Pennsylvania shall furnish written proof to the Board office of their current licensure in another state, and of their compliance with §  41.52(c) (relating to licensure in other states).

 (c)  Groups offering psychological services may list themselves under the heading ‘‘psychologists—group, association and corporate practice’’ if they are licensed psychologists responsible for the delivery of the services.

 (d)  When announcing or advertising professional services, or when listing professional services in a telephone directory, psychologists may list the following information to describe the provider and services provided: name, relevant academic degrees earned from regionally accreditedinstitutions, date, type and level of certification or licensure, diplomate status, professional membership status, address, telephone number, office hours, a brief listing of the type of psychological services offered, an appropriate presentation of fee information, foreign languages spoken and policy with regard to third-party payments. Additional relevant or important consumer information may be included if not prohibited by other sections of the principles contained in this Code of Ethics.

 (e)  Announcements of ‘‘personal growth groups’’ give a clear statement of the purpose and nature of the experiences to be provided. The education, training and experience of a psychologist are appropriately specified.

 (f)  In announcing or advertising the availability of psychological products, publications or services, psychologists do not present their affiliation with an organization in a manner that falsely implies sponsorship or certification by that organization. In particular, psychologists do not state membership in a professional organization or fellow status in such a way as to suggest that the membership implies specialized professional competence or qualifications. Public statements include, but are not limited to, communication by means of periodical, book, list, directory, television, radio or motion picture. Public statements may not contain one or more of the following:

   (1)  A false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive or unfair statement.

   (2)  A misrepresentation of fact or a statement likely to mislead or deceive because in context it makes only a partial disclosure of relevant facts.

   (3)  A statement intended or likely to create false or unjustified expectations of favorable results.

   (4)  A statement falsely implying unusual, unique or one-of-a-kind abilities.

   (5)  A statement intended or likely to appeal to a client’s fears, anxieties or emotions concerning the possible results of failure to obtain the offered services.

   (6)  A statement comparing the advertiser’s services with another psychologist’s services, unless the comparison can be factually substantiated.

 (g)  Psychologists do not compensate or give anything of value to a representative of the press, radio, television or other communication medium in anticipation of or in return for professional publicity in a news item. A paid advertisement shall be identified as such, unless it is apparent from the context that it is a paid advertisement. If communicated to the public by use of radio or television, an advertisement is prerecorded and approved for broadcast by the psychologist, and a recording of the actual transmission is retained by the psychologist.

 (h)  Psychologists associated with the development or promotion of psychological devices, books or other products offered for commercial sale make every effort to insure that announcements and advertisements are presented in a professional, scientifically acceptable and factually informative manner.

 (i)  Psychologists do not participate for personal gain in commercial announcements or advertisements recommending to the public the purchase or use of proprietary or single-source products or services when that participation is based solely upon their identification as psychologists.

 (j)  Psychologists present the science of psychology and offer their services, products and publications fairly and accurately, avoiding misrepresentation through sensationalism, exaggeration or superficiality. Psychologists are guided by the primary obligation to aid the public in developing informed judgments, opinions and choices.

 (k)  As teachers, psychologists ensure that statements in catalogs and course outlines are accurate and not misleading, particularly in terms of subject matter to be covered, bases for evaluating progress and the nature of course experiences. Announcements, brochures or advertisements describing workshops, seminars or other educational programs accurately describe the audience for which the program is intended as well as eligibility requirements, educational objectives and the nature of the materials to be covered. These announcements also accurately represent the education, training and experience of the psychologists presenting the program, and an accurate and accessible schedule of fees, if any.

 (l)  Public announcements or advertisements soliciting research participants in which clinical services or other professional services are offered as an inducement make clear the nature of the services as well as the costs and other obligations to be accepted by participants in the research.

 (m)  A psychologist accepts the obligation to correct others who represent the psychologist’s professional qualifications, or associations with products or services, in a manner incompatible with these ethical principles.

 (n)  Individual diagnostic and therapeutic services are provided only in the context of a professional psychological relationship. When personal advice is given by means of public lectures or demonstrations, newspaper or magazine articles, radio or television programs, mail or similar media, the psychologist utilizes the most current relevant data and exercises the highest level of professional judgment.

 (o)  Products that are described or presented by means of public lectures or demonstrations, newspapers or magazine articles, radio or television programs, or similar media shall meet the same recognized standards as exist for products used in the context of a professional relationship.

 (p)  Psychologists may not engage in face-to-face, direct solicitation of clients.
 Principle 5. Confidentiality.

 (a)  Psychologists shall safeguard the confidentiality of information about an individual that has been obtained in the course of teaching, practice or investigation. Psychologists may not, without the written consent of their clients or the client’s authorized legal representative, or the client’s guardian by order as a result of incompetency proceedings, be examined in a civil or criminal action as to information acquired in the course of their professional service on behalf of the client. Information may be revealed with the consent of the clients affected only after full disclosure to them and after their authorization. Psychologists shall exercise reasonable care to prevent their employes, associates and others whose services are utilized by them from disclosing or using information about the client.

 (b)  A psychologist may reveal the following information about a client:

   (1)  Information received in confidence is revealed only after most careful deliberation and when there is clear and imminent danger to an individual or to society, and then only to appropriate professional workers or public authorities. This Code of Ethics does not prohibit a psychologist from taking reasonable measures to prevent harm when a client has expressed a serious threat or intent to kill or seriously injure an identified or readily identifiable person or group of people and when the psychologist determines that the client is likely to carry out the threat or intent. Reasonable measures may include directly advising the potential victim of the threat or intent of the client. Because these measures should not be taken without careful consideration of clients and their situation, consultation with other mental health professionals should be sought whenever there is time to do so to validate the clinical impression that the threat or intent of harm is likely to be carried out.

   (2)  Information obtained in clinical or consulting relationships, or evaluative data concerning children, students, employes and others are discussed only for professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with the case. Written and oral reports should present data germane to the purposes of the evaluation; every effort should be made to avoid undue invasion of privacy.

   (3)  Clinical and other materials are used in classroom teaching and writing only when the identity of the persons involved is adequately disguised.

   (4)  Confidentiality of professional communications about individuals is maintained. Only when the originator and other persons involved give their express written permission is a confidential professional communication shown to the individual concerned. The psychologist is responsible for informing the client of the limits of the confidentiality.

   (5)  Only after explicit permission has been granted is the identity of research subjects published. When data have been published without permission for identification, the psychologist assumes responsibility for adequately disguising their sources.

   (6)  The psychologist makes provisions for the maintenance of confidentiality in the preservation and ultimate disposition of confidential records.

   (7)  When working with minors or other persons who are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, psychologists take special care to protect the person’s best interests.
 Principle 6. Welfare of the consumer.

 (a)  Psychologists respect the integrity and protect the welfare of the people and groups with whom they work. When there is a conflict of interest between the client and the psychologist’s employing institution, psychologists clarify the nature and direction of their loyalties and responsibilities and keep all parties informed of their commitments. Psychologists fully inform consumers as to the purpose and nature of an evaluative, treatment, educational or training procedure and they freely acknowledge that clients, students or participants in research have freedom of choice with regard to participation.

 (b)  Psychologists are continually cognizant of their own needs and their inherently powerful position vis a vis clients, students and subordinates, in order to avoid exploiting their trust and dependency. Psychologists make every effort to avoid dual relationships with clients or relationships which might impair their professional judgment or increase the risk of exploitation. Examples of dual relationships include treating employes, supervisees, close friends or relatives. Sexual intimacies with clients are unethical.

 (c)  When a psychologist agrees to provide services to a client at the request of a third party, the psychologist assumes the responsibility of clarifying the nature of the relationships to all parties concerned.

 (d)  Where demands of an organization on psychologists go beyond reasonable conditions of employment, psychologists recognize possible conflicts of interest that may arise. When conflicts occur, psychologists clarify the nature of the conflict, inform all parties of the nature and direction of the loyalties and responsibilities involved, and take appropriate action.

 (e)  When acting as a supervisor, trainer, researcher or employer, psychologists accord informed choice, confidentiality, due process and protection from physical and mental harm to their subordinates in these relationships.

 (f)  Financial arrangements in professional practice are in accord with professional standards that safeguard the best interests of the client and that are clearly understood by the client in advance of billing. Psychologists are responsible for assisting clients in finding needed services in those instances where payment of the usual fee would be a hardship. No commission, rebate or other form of remuneration may be given or received for referral of clients for professional services, whether by an individual or by an agency.

 (g)  The psychologist attempts to terminate a clinical or consulting relationship when it is reasonably clear that the consumer is not benefiting from it. Psychologists who find that their services are being used by employers in a way that is not beneficial to the participants or to employes who may be affected, or to significant others, have the responsibility to make their observations known to the responsible persons and to propose modifications or termination of the engagement.
 Principle 7. Professional relationships.

 (a)  Psychologists act with due regard for the needs, special competencies and obligations of their colleagues in psychology and other professions. Psychologists respect the prerogatives and obligations of the institutions or organizations with which these other colleagues are associated.

 (b)  Psychologists understand the areas of competence of related professions, and make full use of the professional, technical and administrative resources that best serve the interest of consumers. The absence of formal relationships with other professional workers does not relieve psychologists from the responsibility of securing for their clients the best possible professional service nor does it relieve them from the exercise of foresight, diligence and tact in obtaining the complementary or alternative assistance needed by clients.

 (c)  Psychologists know and take into account the traditions and practices of other professional groups with which they work and cooperate fully with members of these groups. If a consumer is receiving similar services from another professional, psychologists do not offer their services directly to the consumer. If a psychologist is contacted by aperson who is already receiving similar services from another professional, the psychologist carefully considers that professional relationship and proceeds with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues as well as the client’s welfare. The psychologist discusses these issues with the client to minimize the risk of confusion and conflict.

 (d)  Psychologists who employ or supervise other professionals or professionals in training accept the obligations to facilitate their further professional development by providing suitable working conditions, consultation, timely evaluations and experience opportunities.

 (e)  Psychologists do not exploit their professional relationships with clients, supervisees, students, employes or research participants sexually or otherwise. Psychologists do not condone or engage in sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is defined as deliberate or repeated comments, gestures or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are unwanted by the recipient.

 (f)  As employes of organizations providing psychological services, or as independent psychologists serving clients in an organizational context, psychologists seek to support the integrity, reputation and proprietary rights of the host organization. When it is judged necessary in a client’s interest to question the organization’s programs or policies, psychologists attempt to effect change by constructive action within the organization before disclosing confidential information acquired in their professional roles.

 (g)  In the pursuit of research, psychologists give sponsoring agencies, host institutions and publication channels the same respect and opportunity for giving informed consent that they accord to individual research participants. They are aware of their obligation to future research workers and insure that host institutions are given adequate information about the research and proper acknowledgement of their contributions.

 (h)  Publication credit is assigned to those who have contributed to a publication in proportion to their contributions. Major contributions of a professional character made by several persons to a common project are recognized by joint authorship, with the experimenter or author who made the principal contribution identified and listed first. Minor contributions of a professional character and extensive clerical or similar nonprofessional assistance may be acknowledged in footnotes or in an introductory statement. Acknowledgement through specific citations is made for unpublished as well as published material that has directly influenced the research or writing. Psychologists who compile and edit material of others for publication publish the material in the name of the originating group or author, with their own name appearing as chairperson or editor. Contributors are to be acknowledged and named.

 (i)  When psychologists know of an ethical violation by another psychologist which does not affect the welfare of that psychologist’s clients and which appears to be owing to lack of sensitivity, knowledge or experience, they attempt to resolve the issue informally by bringing the behavior to the attention of the psychologist. Informal corrective efforts are made with regard for rights to confidentiality involved. If the violation is one which threatens client welfare or is not amenable to an informal solution, psychologists bring it to the attention of the Board. Obligations imposed by this subsection are in addition to the reporting requirements under section 18(f) of the act (63 P. S. §  1218(f)).
 Principle 8. Utilization of assessment.

 (a)  In the development, publication and utilization of psychological assessment techniques, psychologists observe relevant professional standards and make every effort to promote the welfare and best interests of the client. A person who has been examined has the right to receive, and the psychologist has the responsibility to provide, explanations of the nature, purpose, results and interpretations of assessment techniques in language the person can understand. Psychologists guard against misuse of assessment results and avoid imparting unnecessary information which would compromise test security, but they provide requested information that explains the basis for decisions that may adversely affect the person examined or that person’s dependents.

 (b)  Persons examined at the request of or under the auspices of a sponsoring entity such as an employer or potential employer, a school, a hospital, or the like shall have, irrespective of who pays for the service, the same rights to information as set out in subsection (a), unless limitations are agreed upon in advance in writing among the psychologist, the person to be examined or that person’s legal representative, and the sponsoring entity. The psychologist shall provide the examination results to the sponsoring entity only upon authorization in writing signed by the person to be examined or that person’s legal representative. The psychologist shall ensure that the person to be examined or that person’s legal representative makes an informed decision as to giving up one or more of the rights in subsection (a) and as to releasing information to the sponsoring entity.

 (c)  When a test is pub