§ 175.1. Purpose.

 This chapter implements 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101—4982 (relating to vehicle characteristics).

 The following words and terms, when used in this chapter, have the following meanings, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

   ASME Code—The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code; Section VIII, Division I, and Section IX of the 1971 and later editions.

   ASTM—The American Society for Testing and Materials.

   Acute area of the windshield—The center of the critical area on the driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision—8 1/2 inches wide and 5 1/2 inches high.

   Allowable working pressure—The pounds per square inch for which the container was constructed or, if conditions have changed, the maximum pressure at specified temperatures permitted at the most recent inspection by a certified inspector.

   Alteration—A change in the construction, design or installation of a container that affects the strength or safety of the system.

   Antique motor vehicle—A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, manufactured more than 25 years prior to the current year which has been maintained in or restored to a condition which is substantially in conformance with manufacturer’s specifications and registered with the Department as an antique motor vehicle.

   Auxiliary driving lamp—A lighting device mounted to provide illumination in front of the vehicle and to supplement the upper beam of a standard headlamp system; it is not intended for use alone or with the lower beam of a standard headlamp system.

   Back-up lamp—A lamp used to provide illumination behind the vehicle and to provide a warning signal when the vehicle is in reverse gear.

   Bead—That part of the tire made of steel wires wrapped or reinforced by ply cords, that is shaped to fit the rim.

   Belt—A layer made of fabric or other material located under the tread area.

   Bureau—The Bureau of Motor Vehicles of the Department.

   Bus—A motor vehicle as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102 (relating to definitions).

   CGA—The Compressed Gas Association, Inc.; 500 Fifth Avenue; New York, New York 10036.

   Cargo lamp—A lamp mounted on a multipurpose passenger vehicle, truck or bus that provides illumination to load or unload cargo.

   Certified inspection mechanic—A person who holds a valid certification card issued by the Bureau certifying that the person is qualified, has passed all requirements to inspect specific vehicles and holds a valid driver’s license for the correct class of vehicle.

   Certified inspector—A person who holds a certificate issued by the Boiler Division in the Bureau of Occupation and Industrial Safety within the Department of Labor and Industry certifying that the person is qualified to inspect unfired pressure vessels.

   Classic motor vehicle—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102 (relating to definitions).

   Clearance lamps—Lamps which show to the front or rear of a vehicle to indicate overall width and height of a vehicle—on trucks and buses 80 inches or more in width.

   Combination—Two or more vehicles physically interconnected in tandem.

   Commonwealth inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect all types of vehicles, space permitted, owned by and engaged exclusively in the performance of the official duties of the Federal Government, the Commonwealth or a political subdivision of the Commonwealth.

   Cord—The strands forming the plies in the tire.

   Critical area of the windshield—The part of the vehicle windshield cleaned by the sweep of the windshield wiper system.

   DOT—The United States Department of Transportation.

   Department—The Department of Transportation of the Commonwealth.

   Designated area—The geographic area which the Department, in conjunction with the Department of Environmental Resources, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, has identified as an Emission I/M Program designated area. A copy of the Department’s designation is available upon request from the Department.

   Driveaway-towaway operation—An operation in which a motor vehicle, trailer or semitrailer, singly or in combination, constitutes the commodity being transported, when one set or more of wheels of the vehicle are on the highway during the course of transportation, whether or not the vehicle furnished the motive power.

   Emergency vehicle—As defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Essential parts—Integral and body parts of a vehicle of a type required to be registered under the Vehicle Code, the removal, alteration or substitution of which would tend to conceal the identity of the vehicle or substantially alter its appearance, model type or mode of operation.

   FMVSS—Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards in 49 CFR 571 (relating to Federal motor vehicle safety standards).

   Farm truck—A truck determined by the Department to be used exclusively for agricultural purposes.

   Firefighting vehicle—A vehicle used exclusively for fighting fires. The term does not include passenger cars, buses and motorcycles.

   Fleet inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect all types of vehicles, space permitting, leased by or owned and registered in the name of the person in whose name the certificate of appointment is issued.

   Fleet owner—A person, or a Federal, State, or local government agency or authority owning or leasing 15 or more vehicles who or which provides servicing and repair of the vehicles.

   Fog lamps—Lamps which are used with or in lieu of the lower beam headlamps to provide illumination under conditions of rain, snow or fog.

   Foreign vehicle—A vehicle of a type required to be registered under the Vehicle Code brought into this Commonwealth from another state, territory or country other than in the ordinary course of business by or through a manufacturer or dealer and not registered in this Commonwealth.

   Fuel supply container—A tank or cylinder installed on a vehicle to supply fuel for the propulsion system of the vehicle.

   GCWR—gross combination weight rating—The value specified by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a combination.

   GVWR—gross vehicle weight rating—The value specified on the Federal weight certification label by the manufacturer as the loaded weight of a single vehicle.

   General inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect all types of vehicles if the station is so equipped.

   Groove—The space between two adjacent tread ribs.

   Gross weight—The combined weight of a vehicle or combination of vehicles and its load and driver.

   Hazard warning system or emergency signal system—A driver-controlled system of flashing front and rear lights used to warn approaching motorists when a car has broken down or is traveling at a slow speed.

   Heavy truck—A truck having a registered gross weight in excess of 17,000 pounds or a truck tractor.

   House trailer—Includes the following:

     (i) A trailer which is designed, constructed and equipped as a dwelling place, living abode or sleeping place, either permanently or temporarily, and is equipped for use as a conveyance on streets and highways.

     (ii) A trailer containing chassis and exterior shell designed and constructed for use as set forth in subparagraph (i) but which is used permanently or temporarily for advertising sales, display or promotion of merchandise or services, or for any other commercial purpose except the transportation of property.

   ICC—The Interstate Commerce Commission; now functionally superseded by DOT in matters relating to safety.

   Identification lamps—Lamps used in groups of three, in a horizontal row, which show to the front or rear, or both, on vehicles 80 inches or more in width.

   Indicator lights—Lamps that are visible to the operator of a vehicle that indicate operation of appropriate electrical circuits, malfunction of vehicle performance and requirement for remedial action by the operator of the vehicle.

   Implement of husbandry—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Inspection area—The area of a station in which all inspections must be conducted.

   Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) insert tab—A numbered tab, applied to the safety certificate of inspection, which indicates the month in which the safety certificate of inspection expires and that the vehicle is subject to the Emission Inspection Program.

   Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) registration indicator—An indicator on the registration card which identifies the vehicle as a subject vehicle which shall be emission inspected annually.

   Inspection station supervisor—A person designated by the Department to investigate, inspect and supervise the operation of inspection stations.

   License plate lamp—A lamp used to illuminate the license plate on the rear of the vehicle.

   Light truck—A truck having a registered gross weight of 11,000 pounds or less.

   Material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside of the vehicle—A material which reduces the transmittance of light to below 70% or to a percentage which is less than the percentage permitted by FMVSS No. 205 in effect at the time of the vehicle’s manufacture.

   Manufacturer—A person engaged in the business of constructing or assembling vehicles, motors or bodies of vehicles.

   Medium truck—A truck having a registered gross weight from 11,001 to 17,000 pounds, inclusive.

   Mobile home—A trailer designed and used exclusively for living quarters or commercial purposes which exceeds the maximum size limitations prescribed by this title for operation on a highway and is only incidentally operated on a highway, including a unit transported on a removable or nonremovable frame designed so as to be assembled together with another unit or units into a structure which is used exclusively for living quarters—commonly known as a ‘‘modular unit.’’

   Modular housing undercarriage—A trailer which is used to transport a modular housing unit.

   Modular housing unit—A unit on a removable or nonremovable frame designed for residential or commercial purposes which is wholly or in substantial part fabricated, formed or assembled in manufacturing facilities for assembly and installation on the building site.

   Motor carrier vehicle—A truck, truck-tractor or combination having a gross weight or registered gross weight in excess of 17,000 pounds.

   Motorcycle—A motor vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground.

   Motorcycle inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect only motorcycles.

   Motor-driven cycle—A motorcycle, including a motor scooter, with a motor which produces not to exceed five-brake horsepower, and every pedalcycle with a motor attached.

   Motor home—A motor vehicle designed or adapted for use as a mobile dwelling or office, except a motor vehicle equipped with a truck camper.

   Motorized pedalcycle—A motor-driven cycle equipped with operable pedals, a motor rated no more than 1.5 brake horsepower, a cylinder capacity not exceeding 50 cubic centimeters, an automatic transmission and a maximum design speed of no more than 25 miles per hour.

   Motor vehicle—A vehicle which is self-propelled except one which is propelled solely by human power or by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires but not operated upon rails.

   Multi-purpose passenger vehicle—A passenger car which is constructed on a truck chassis or which has special features for off-road use in addition to highway use.

   NHTSA—The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

   NFPA—The National Fire Protection Association; 470 Atlantic Avenue; Boston, Massachusetts 02210.

   Ornamental lamps—Lamps not required and not located as described in Tables III, IV and V of this chapter, unless available as original equipment. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Flashing or revolving lights and their use are addressed in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

   Parking brake system—A brake system used to hold and maintain a vehicle in a stationary position. A positive mechanical means is employed to hold the brake applied when the vehicle is unattended.

   Parking lamps—Steady-burning, low intensity lights used when a vehicle is stopped or parked.

   Passenger car—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Pedalcycle—A vehicle propelled solely by human-powered pedals.

   Person—A natural person, firm, copartnership, association or corporation.

   Ply—A layer of rubber-coated parallel cords.

   Pole trailer—A trailer, including those with a variable wheelbase, attached to the towing vehicle by means of a reach or pole, or by being boomed or otherwise secured to the towing vehicle, and ordinarily used for transporting long or irregular-shaped loads, including poles, pipes or structural members capable of sustaining themselves as beams between the supporting connections.

   Rake—On motorcycles, the angle, measured in degrees, of a motorcycle’s steering axis in relation to a line which is perpendicular to the vehicle wheel base; on passenger cars or trucks, the ground clearance at the front or rear of a vehicle, reduced or increased, giving tilted appearance.

   Reconstructed vehicle—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Recreational trailer—A trailer designed, adapted and used exclusively for recreational purposes.

   Recreational and utility trailer inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect only recreational and utility trailers.

   Reflex reflector—A reflective device used for reflecting light, usually built into a lense.

   Registered gross weight—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Registration—The authority for a vehicle to operate on a highway as evidenced by the issuance of an identifying card and plate or plates.

   Safety insert tab—A numbered tab, applied to the Safety Certificate of Inspection, which indicates the month in which the safety certificate of inspection expires.

   School bus—The term as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102.

   Secretary—The Secretary of Transportation of this Commonwealth.

   Semitrailer—A trailer constructed so that some part of its weight rests upon, or is carried by, the towing vehicle.

   Service brake system—A brake system used for retarding, stopping and controlling the vehicle under normal operating conditions.

   Side marker lamps—Lamps located on the left and right sides, beamed and intended to indicate vehicle length.

   Snow plow lamp—A lamp used in substitution of headlamps on vehicles equipped with snow plows.

   Special mobile equipment—A vehicle not designed or used primarily for the transportation of persons or property and only incidentally operated or moved over a highway, including, but not limited to: ditch digging apparatus; well boring apparatus; earth-moving and road construction and maintenance machinery such as asphalt spreaders, bituminous mixers, bucket loaders, snowplows, ditchers, graders, finishing machines, road rollers, scarifiers, earth-moving carryalls, scrapers, power shovels and drag lines: and self-propelled cranes and tractors, other than truck tractors. The term does not include house trailers, dump trucks, truck-mounted transit mixers, cranes or shovels or other vehicles designed for the transportation of persons or property to which machinery has been attached.

   Specially constructed vehicle—A vehicle not originally constructed by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles under a distinctive name and materially altered from its original construction but assembled from parts of various vehicles and kits and which would be commonly known as a ‘‘homemade’’ vehicle.

   Stop lamp—A lamp at the rear of the vehicle which indicates the brake is being applied by the operator to slow or stop the vehicle.

   Street rod—A motor vehicle, but not a reproduction thereof, with a model year of 1948 or older which has been materially altered or modified by the removal, addition or substitution of essential parts and with a gross weight or registered gross weight of not more than 9,000 pounds.

   Subject vehicle—A gasoline powered vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 11,000 pounds or less, moved upon a highway and registered or titled in a designated area, as defined in Chapter 177 (relating to emission inspection program), except any of the following:

     (i) Special mobile equipment.

     (ii) An implement of husbandry.

     (iii) A motor vehicle being towed.

     (iv) A motor vehicle being driven or towed by an official inspection station owner or employe for the purpose of inspection.

     (v) A classic motor vehicle.

     (vi) An antique motor vehicle.

     (vii) A motorcycle.

     (viii) A motorized pedalcycle.

     (ix) A motor driven cycle.

     (x) A street rod.

     (xi) A vehicle being repossessed by a financer or collector/repossesser through the use of a miscellaneous motor vehicle business registration plate.

     (xii) A new vehicle while it is in the process of manufacture, including testing and not in transit from the manufacturer to a purchaser or dealer.

     (xiii) A military vehicle used for training by a private, nonprofit, tax exempt military educational institution when the vehicle does not travel on public roads in excess of 1 mile and when the property on both sides of the public road is owned by the institution.

     (xiv) A school bus over 11,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating.

     (xv) A bus, other than school bus, with a seating capacity of 27 or more.

   Supply line—The piping, tubing or hose, including all related fittings, through which vapor or liquid passes between the first shut-off valve at the container and the final stage regulator or vaporizer.

   Suspend—To withdraw temporarily by formal action of the Department a license, registration or privilege issued or granted by the Department. Following a period of suspension, the Department will restore the license, registration or privilege.

   Tail lamp—A steady burning low-intensity light used on the rear of a vehicle.

   Taxi—A motor vehicle designed for carrying no more than eight passengers, exclusive of the driver, on a call and demand service and used for the transportation of persons for compensation.

   Temporary inspection approval indicator—An adhesive insert affixed to the current certificate of safety inspection, as viewed from inside the vehicle, used to designate vehicles which have successfully passed a required periodic safety inspection, but do not display a renewed emission certificate of inspection.

   Tire width—The linear distance between the exteriors of the sidewalls of an uninflated tire, excluding elevations due to labeling, decoration or protective sidebands.

   Trail—The distance measured in inches between the point at which the steering axis of a motorcycle intersects with the ground in front of the motorcycle and the point at which the forward limit of the wheel base intersects with the surface below the motorcycle.

   Trailer—A vehicle designed to be towed by a motor vehicle.

   Trailer inspection station—An inspection station appointed to inspect only trailers.

   Tread—That portion of the tire that comes into contact with the road.

   Tread rib—The tread section running circumferentially around the tire.

   Truck—A motor vehicle designed, used or maintained primarily for the transportation of property.

   Truck-camper—A structure designed, used or maintained primarily to be loaded or affixed to a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling, sleeping place, office or commercial space.

   Truck tractor—A motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles and not constructed to carry a load other than a part of the weight of the vehicle and load drawn.

   Turn signal—A lamp showing to front and rear for the purpose of indicating an intention to turn either to the right or left or for pulling into traffic or changing lanes.

   UL—The Underwriter’s Laboratories, Inc.

   Utility trailer—A trailer, except a recreational trailer, which does not have air brakes.

   VIN—Vehicle identification number—A combination of numerals or letters, or both, which the manufacturer assigns to a vehicle for identification purposes or, in the absence of a manufacturer-assigned number, which the Department assigns to a vehicle for identification purposes.

   Vaporizer—A device that converts liquified natural gas and liquified petroleum gas to the gaseous state by means of heat.

   Vehicle—Every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices used exclusively upon rails or tracks.

   Vehicle Control Division—The area of the Bureau which administers vehicle equipment and inspection matters.

   The provisions of this §  175.2 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.2 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended December 8, 1979, effective December 9, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 3495; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; amended June 1, 1984, effective June 2, 1984, 14 Pa.B. 1874; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended October 25, 1991, effective October 26, 1991, 21 Pa.B. 5067; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (235214) to (235216).

 Equipment rules apply to vehicles operated on a highway, unless specifically exempted by this chapter.

 A registered vehicle moved upon a highway shall bear a valid certificate of inspection except for the following:

   (1)  Special mobile equipment.

   (2)  An implement of husbandry.

   (3)  A motor vehicle being towed.

   (4)  A motor vehicle being driven or a trailer being towed by an official inspection station owner or employee for the purpose of inspection.

   (5)  A trailer having a registered gross weight of 3,000 pounds or less.

   (6)  A motorized pedalcycle.

   (7)  A vehicle being repossessed by a financer or collector-repossessor through the use of miscellaneous motor vehicle business registration plates.

   (8)  A new vehicle while it is in the process of manufacture including testing, and not in transit from the manufacturer to a purchaser or dealer.

   (9)  A military vehicle used for training by a private, nonprofit, tax-exempt military educational institution when the vehicle does not travel on public roads in excess of 1 mile and when the property on both sides of the public road is owned by the institution.

   (10)  An antique vehicle.

   The provisions of this §  175.4 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (85985).

 School buses, passenger vans under contract with or owned by a school district or a private or parochial school—including vehicles having chartered group and party rights under the Public Utility Commission—and used to transport school students; passenger vans used to transport persons for hire or owned by a commercial enterprise and used for the transportation of employees to or from their place of employment; trailers having a registered gross weight in excess of 10,000 pounds; and motor carrier vehicles shall be subject to semiannual inspection.

   The provisions of this §  175.5 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended April 2, 1982, effective April 3, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 1098; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (85985) to (85986).

 Other vehicles, including emergency vehicles and private noncommercial vehicles used to transport students, shall be inspected annually.

 A vehicle subject to inspection which has been outside this Commonwealth continuously for 30 days or more and which, at the time of reentering this Commonwealth, does not bear a currently valid certificate of inspection, is not required to be inspected until 10 days after reentering this Commonwealth.

 (a)  Vehicles without valid certificate of inspection. A vehicle which does not display a valid certificate of inspection at the time of sale, resale or entry into this Commonwealth shall be inspected within 10 days of sale, resale or entry into this Commonwealth, whichever occurs later. The inspection shall be coordinated with the staggered registration system regardless of the date of a previous inspection in this or another jurisdiction.

 (b)  Vehicles with valid certificate of inspection. A vehicle which displays a valid certificate of inspection at the time of sale or resale may be driven until the inspection certificate expires.

 (c)  Vehicles subject to semiannual inspection and mass transit vehicles. Vehicles subject to semiannual inspection and mass transit vehicles are exempt from the provision of subsection (a) which requires coordination of inspection expiration with the staggered registration system.

   The provisions of this §  175.8 amended under Vehicle Code,

 A vehicle registered in another state may be inspected. A certificate of inspection shall be issued only if the vehicle meets inspection requirements.

 A subject vehicle required to participate in the Emission I/M Program because of vehicle registration change of address shall be phased into the emission inspection program at the time of the expiration of the current safety certificate of inspection.

 All subject vehicles required to participate in the Enhanced Emission I/M Program shall display on the vehicle a renewed emission certificate of inspection prior to placement of a renewed safety certificate of inspection. A temporary inspection approval indicator may be used to designate vehicles which have successfully passed the required periodic safety inspection, but must display a renewed emission certificate of inspection, or obtain an official waiver, prior to placement of the renewed safety certificate of inspection. Under this chapter, the expiring safety certificate of inspection may be replaced with a new safety certificate of inspection at any time prior to the expiration of the certificate of inspection to which the temporary inspection approval indicator is affixed. The temporary inspection approval indicator does not extend the inspection expiration of any certificate of inspection to which it is affixed.

   The provisions of this §  175.11 issued under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.11 adopted September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003.

Subchapter B. OFFICIAL INSPECTION STATIONS

Sec.

 (a)  Authority. For the purpose of establishing a system of official inspection stations, the Bureau will issue a certificate of appointment to a privately owned facility within this Commonwealth that complies with the requirements of the Vehicle Code and this title. An official inspection station is authorized to inspect vehicles and issue official certificates of inspection. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4721 (relating to appointment of official inspection stations).

 (b)  Certificate of appointment. The certificate of appointment will be issued only when the Bureau is satisfied that the station is properly equipped and has certified personnel to make inspections and adjustments. Only those stations fulfilling Department requirements and complying with this chapter will be issued a certificate of appointment. Prior involvement with a suspended inspection station may be sufficient cause to deny appointment. The certificate of appointment at all times shall be conspicuously displayed at the place for which it is issued. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4722 (relating to certificate of appointment).

 (c)  Certificate not assignable. A certificate of appointment shall be valid only for the person in whose name it is issued and for transaction of business at the place designated therein. A certificate of appointment shall not be assignable to another person or location.

 (d)  Valid certificate required. No person shall in any manner represent a place as an official inspection station unless the station is operating under a valid certificate of appointment issued by the Bureau.

 (e)  Inspection stations with common access. No certificate of appointment may be issued for operation by an official inspection station on the premises of another official inspection station which utilizes the same access. This prohibition does not apply if the inspection stations have separate internal accesses, though sharing common external access.

 (f)  Suspended inspection stations. No certificate of appointment shall be issued for operation of an official safety inspection station on the premises of an official safety inspection station which has been suspended, if the owner of the suspended station continues to conduct any type of business which utilizes the same access. This prohibition shall not apply if the station and the other business each have a separate internal access, though sharing a common external access.

 (g)  Cancellation of appointments. A certificate of appointment previously issued for a station which does not comply with the restrictions contained in subsection (e) or (f) will be cancelled April 28, 1983.

 (a)  Form. The applicant shall file one copy of Form MV-427, Application for Designation as an Official Inspection Station, with the Bureau. A separate application shall be made for each place of business.

 (b)  Bond or proof of insurance. Requirements shall be as follows:

   (1)  An applicant for a certificate of appointment shall furnish a bond on a form prescribed by the Department or proof of insurance as required by 75 Pa.C.S. §  4722(c) (relating to certificate of appointment).

   (2)  The bond or insurance shall be in the amount of $10,000 for each place of business and shall provide compensation to a vehicle owner for damage their vehicle may sustain while it is in possession of the inspection station.

   (3)  The bond or proof of insurance shall be renewed each year.

   (4)  Cancellation of the bond or insurance shall automatically void the certificate of appointment. Inspections shall cease until the Bureau receives a new bond or proof of insurance.

 (c)  Specification of type. The application shall indicate the type of inspection station authorization applied for; that is, Commonwealth, general, fleet, recreational and utility trailer or motorcycle.

 (d)  Applicant. The applicant shall be the owner of the business or, in the case of a corporation, some other person specifically authorized to sign the application.

   (1)  If a natural person, the applicant shall be 18 years of age or older.

   (2)  If the applicant is a corporation, partnership or association, the application shall be signed by an officer, partner, associate or another person specifically authorized to sign the application.

     (i)   The person who signs the application shall be 18 years of age or older.

     (ii)   Except in the case of an executive officer, partner or associate, written evidence of the authority of the person—for example, station manager—to sign the application shall be attached thereto and attested to by a partner or a corporation or association officer.

 (a)  Investigation. An inspection station supervisor will conduct an investigation of each applicant to determine full compliance with the Vehicle Code and this chapter.

 (b)  English comprehension. The applicant and each inspection mechanic shall be sufficiently versed in the English language to read and understand this title.

 (c)  Issuance of certificate. Upon approval of the application by the Bureau, a certificate of appointment shall be issued to the applicant for the place of business located within this Commonwealth, as set forth in the application. No inspections shall be made unless a certificate of appointment has been issued to and is prominently displayed at the official inspection station.

   The provisions of this §  175.23 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (90275).

 After appointment, the owner of each inspection station shall prominently display signs required by the Bureau, including the following:

   (1)  A certificate of appointment for each type of station approved for the location.

   (2)  A sign clearly stating the fee for the certificate of inspection separate from the fee for inspection. The fee for inspection shall be the same whether the vehicle passes or fails. The fee for inspection shall include the cost of labor for the inspection, including pulling wheels, but it shall not include the cost of parts, repairs or adjustments. The sign shall clearly indicate the fee for different types of vehicles—for example, passenger cars, trucks and trailers—to the extent that the fee varies among vehicles. Fleet and Commonwealth stations are exempt from this requirement.

   (3)  A current list of certified inspection mechanics, Form TS-443.

   (4)  An official inspection station sign outside the garage, clearly visible to the public. This sign shall have a keystone design which is 24 inches high and 21 inches wide. The station number plate shall be 2 3/4 inches high and 13 3/8 inches wide. The background shall be navy blue with gold lettering. If hung from a bracket, the sign shall be double faced. A previously issued sign will still be permitted. Fleet and Commonwealth stations are exempted from this requirement.

   The provisions of this §  175.24 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (90275) and (77482).

 (a)  General. The following requirements apply to inspection areas:

   (1)  Except as provided in subsection (b)(1)(iii) and (3), the inspection area shall be entirely within a sound, enclosed building; shall be in good repair; and shall be kept in good condition.

   (2)  An anticipated alteration or change affecting the condition or size of the inspection area shall be reported to the inspection station supervisor at once.

   (3)  The floor shall be of a hard surface and in sound condition. Dirt floors will not be approved.

   (4)  The floor of the inspection area shall be level. No more than 1% slope from front to rear or side to side is acceptable.

   (5)  The inspection area shall be free from obstructions, including shelves, work benches, partitions, displays, machinery and stairways. If the inspection area or any part is located outside the building, the area shall also be kept clear of snow or other substances which would curtail or interfere with inspections.

   (6)  Hoists and lifts are permitted in the inspection area if a thorough and proper inspection can be performed.

 (b)  Minimum requirements. The following minimum dimensions apply to inspection areas:

   (1)  Commonwealth, fleet and general inspection stations:

     (i)   Twelve feet wide by 22 feet long, if the station uses an approved headlight aimer or tester.

     (ii)   Twelve feet wide by 43 feet long, if the station uses an approved headlight aiming screen.

     (iii)   A motor carrier vehicle may be inspected either as single unit or in combination if, in the case of a station meets the requirements of subparagraph (i), the inspection area has an additional unobstructed length of 42 feet or, in the case of a station meets the requirements of subparagraph (ii), an additional unobstructed length of 21 feet.

   (2)  Motorcycle inspection stations:

     (i)   Ten feet wide by 18 feet long, if the station uses an approved headlight tester.

     (ii)   Ten feet wide by 32 feet long, if the station uses an approved headlight aiming screen.

   (3)  Trailer inspection stations: 12 feet wide by 55 feet long.

 (c)  Inspections conducted in inspection area. An inspection shall be conducted entirely within the inspection area with the exception of the road test.

   The provisions of this §  175.25 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended December 8, 1979, effective December 9, 1979, 8 Pa.B. 3495; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (77482) to (77483).

 (a)  General requirements. An inspection station shall have tools and equipment in good operating condition sufficient to inspect each type of vehicle to be inspected, including the following:

   (1)  Hammers—a ball-peen hammer, one plastic or brass hammer and one rubber hammer.

   (2)  A workbench.

   (3)  A portable light.

   (4)  Socket sets.

   (5)  Assorted open end and box end wrenches.

   (6)  Torque wrenches—foot-pound and inch-pound.

   (7)  Screw drivers—assorted.

   (8)  Pliers—assorted.

   (9)  Test light—continuity tester.

   (10)  Floor stands: four.

   (11)  Floor jack or hoist—wheels shall spin freely.

   (12)  Tire pressure gauge.

   (13)  Brake drum gauges.

   (14)  Micrometer gauges or thickness gauges, with measurements in 1/1000 inch, capable of measuring both the range of rotor thickness and the depth of the scores.

   (15)  A ball joint gauge—not required for recreation, utility and motorcycle stations.

   (16)  A tread depth gauge capable of indicating amount of usable tire tread in increments of 1/32 inch.

   (17)  A brake-lining gauge capable of indicating the amount of usable lining on both riveted and bonded lining in increments of 1/32 inch.

   (18)  An approved headlight testing device—SAE approved No. J600a for photo-electric type and J602c for mechanic aimers. Not required for recreational and utility trailer stations.

   (19)  A paper punch with a minimum diameter or width of 1/4 inch and a maximum diameter or width of 3/8 inch.

 (b)  Discontinued testers. An inspection station equipped with discontinued testers may continue to use them as long as they are in good working order and capable of testing all types of headlights.

   The provisions of this §  175.26 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.26 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (132838) to (132839).

   An inspection station shall be open for business a minimum of 40 hours, Monday through Friday between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. This section may be waived by the Bureau upon written request of the inspection station owner and prior approval of the inspection station supervisor. To be considered for a waiver of this section, 50% of the working hours shall be between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. This section does not apply to Commonwealth or fleet inspection stations.

 (a)  General. An official inspection station shall have at least one certified inspection mechanic. Every inspection shall be performed by a certified inspection mechanic. The mechanic shall only inspect the type of vehicle for which he is certified. The mechanic signing the inspection sticker shall conduct and be responsible for the entire inspection of the vehicle, including the road test, except that the Department may exempt a mechanic from the requirement to perform a road test because of a physical disability. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4726 (relating to certification of mechanics).

 (b)  Multiple stations. A certified inspection mechanic may work part time at more than one official inspection station if the mechanic notifies the inspection station supervisor and the Vehicle Control Division of the names and station numbers of all current employers. Failure to do so may result in suspension of the mechanic’s inspection privileges.

 (c)  Number of inspections. A certified mechanic may not inspect more than:

   (1)  Two vehicles other than motorcycles per hour.

   (2)  Three motorcycles per hour.

 (d)  Certification requirements. A mechanic desiring to become certified:

   (1)  Shall be 18 years of age or older.

   (2)  Shall have a valid driver’s license for each class of vehicle which the mechanic will inspect; except that a certified mechanic who inspects school buses is not required to hold a Class 4 license but is required to hold a Class 2 or 3 license. For the purposes of this chapter, a valid driver’s license shall not include a learner’s permit. A mechanic exempted from the requirement to perform the road test shall also be exempt from the requirement of this paragraph.

   (3)  Shall have attended an approved 9-hour certification course and successfully completed the required written examination.

   (4)  Shall pass the required tactile test administered by a certified/qualified automotive instructor at an approved education facility.

 (e)  Recertification. A mechanic shall be certified every 3 years by passing the required written examination within 180 days of receipt of notice from the Department that the mechanic card is due to expire.

 (f)  Prior certification. A mechanic card without an expiration date shall remain valid for 180 days after the date of notice to the mechanic to attend the certification course. Failure to complete the certification course and pass the required tests within 180 days will result in cancellation.

 (g)  Mechanic license codes. A mechanic will be issued the following codes for the types of vehicle the mechanic is authorized to inspect:

   (1)  Passenger cars, trucks 17,000 pounds or less, and trailers less than 10,000 pounds.

   (2)  Motorcycles.

   (3)  Trucks over 17,000 pounds, trailers over 10,000 pounds and buses.

   (4)  All vehicles.

   (5)  Codes 1 and 2.

   (6)  Codes 2 and 3.

   (7)  Codes 1 and 3.

   (8)  (Reserved).

   (9)  Electrical speed-timing:

     (i)   A—Electronic speed-timing.

     (ii)   B—Mechanical speed-timing.

     (iii)   C—Speedometer.

     (iv)   D—Electrical-mechanical speed-timing.

 (h)  Mechanic card. The valid mechanic card shall be carried by the mechanic when performing an inspection.

   The provisions of this §  175.28 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended December 8, 1979, effective December 9, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 3495; corrected April 23, 1982, effective May 9, 1981, 12 Pa.B. 1344; amended October 29, 1982, effective January 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective January 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (77485) and (116045) to (116046).

   In reinstating the suspension of a municipality’s certificate and appointment to inspect motor vehicles, the Court noted that inspection stations owned and operated by political subdivisions of the Commonwealth are required to meet all provisions of the Vehicle Code and regulations, including a regulation that every inspection shall be completely performed by a certified inspection mechanic. Department of Transportation v. City of Philadelphia, 455 A.2d 277 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The certificate of appointment of an inspection station which inspects city motor vehicles may be suspended if inspections in such inspection station are performed by persons not certified by the Department. Department of Transportation v. City of Philadelphia, 455 A.2d 277 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   Although the Department has certified a mechanic under subsection (d)(2) of this section, as having a valid drivers license for each class of vehicles which the mechanic will inspect, an owner of an inspection station is responsible under 67 Pa. Code §  175.29(a)(6) (cited as (6)) for every inspection conducted by an employe of the inspection station. Department of Transportation v. Stahl, 460 A.2d 1223 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

 (a)  Personal liability. It is the responsibility of the owner of an inspection station to do all of the following:

   (1)  To conduct the business of the official inspection station honestly and in the best interests of this Commonwealth, in accordance with the provisions of the Vehicle Code and this chapter, and, except in the case of a fleet or Commonwealth inspection station, to make every reasonable effort to inspect all vehicles upon request.

   (2)  To make official inspection regulations and supplements available for the use of certified inspection mechanics and other employes involved in inspection.

   (3)  To notify the inspection station supervisor and the Vehicle Control Division when a certified mechanic is hired.

   (4)  To keep current inspection records at the inspection station for examination and audit by the inspection station supervisor and other authorized persons.

   (5)  To keep, for a period of 2 years, duplicate copies of garage report sheets and certificate of inspection requisition forms for each inspection campaign.

   (6)  To assume full responsibility, with or without actual knowledge, for:

     (i)   Every inspection conducted by an employe of the inspection station.

     (ii)   Every inspection conducted on the premises.

     (iii)   Every certificate of inspection issued to the inspection station.

     (iv)   Every certificate of inspection issued by the inspection station.

     (v)   A violation of the Vehicle Code or this chapter related to inspections committed by an employe of the inspection station.

   (7)  To assure that each inspection is performed by an inspection mechanic certified to inspect that type of vehicle.

   (8)  To have available, at all times, a current certificate of inspection for all types of vehicles inspected at that station.

 (b)  Change of ownership. The following apply to change of ownership:

   (1)  In the case of a change of ownership, the certificate of appointment, all unissued certificates of inspection, and all inspection material shall be surrendered immediately to the inspection station supervisor. The new owner shall submit a Form MV-427 application to the Bureau. An investigation of the premises will be conducted by the inspection station supervisor.

   (2)  In the following circumstances, it shall not be necessary to surrender unissued certificates of inspection; however, no inspections shall be conducted until the new ownership has been approved and a new certificate of appointment issued:

     (i)   Creation, modification or termination of a partnership.

     (ii)   Incorporation of a business.

     (iii)   Transfer of the controlling interest in a corporation.

     (iv)   Transfer of ownership to a spouse, child or parent.

 (c)  Change of location. In the case of a change of location of an inspection station, all of the following apply:

   (1)  A Form MV-427 application shall be completed and submitted to the Bureau.

   (2)  An investigation of the premises will be conducted by the inspection station supervisor.

   (3)  Certificates of inspection will be audited by the inspection station supervisor and shall be retained by the station owner.

   (4)  No inspections shall be made at the new location until it has been investigated and approved and a new certificate of appointment issued by the Bureau.

   (5)  If the new location is not approved at the time of the investigation, the inspection station supervisor will pick up all current certificates of inspection and will retain them until the new location is approved.

 (d)  Discontinuance of business. Inspections shall be discontinued in any of the following circumstances:

   (1)  If the owner vacates, abandons or discontinues the inspection business. Immediate notice shall be provided to the Bureau and the inspection station supervisor. The inspection station supervisor will pick up the certificate of appointment and all certificates of inspection, records and other inspection materials and return them to the Bureau.

   (2)  If the owner is deceased. If a member of the family or partner wishes to continue the business, a new application for appointment shall be submitted to the Bureau.

   (3)  If the owner voluntarily discontinues the operation of an inspection station, the owner shall immediately notify the inspection station supervisor. Remaining inspection materials shall be returned to the inspection station supervisor.

 (e)  Notice required. The following events shall be reported at once to the inspection station supervisor and the Bureau; however, it is not necessary to discontinue inspections.

   (1)  Whenever certificates of inspection are damaged, lost or stolen.

   (2)  Whenever a certified mechanic or a person authorized to purchase certificates of inspection is dismissed or resigns.

   (3)  A change in the post office address of an inspection station, not location. The changes shall be reported at once on Form MV-427.

   (4)  A change of the company name, not ownership. The changes shall be reported at once on Form MV-427.

   (5)  When a person who signed the Form MV-427 application for a corporation is no longer in charge of the inspection station:

     (i)   A new Form MV-427 shall be submitted to the Bureau at once.

     (ii)   A new letter of authority is required for the person signing the Form MV-427.

   (6)  Whenever a person whose signature is on the signature card, Form MV-417, resigns or is relieved of inspection responsibilities, the owner shall request new signature cards from the Bureau at once. Upon receipt of new cards, the old cards shall be returned to the Bureau.

 (f)  Customer relations. The garage owner shall consult the vehicle owner for permission to make repairs.

   (1)  The permission may be established at the time the vehicle is brought to the station for inspection or after it is determined the repairs are needed.

   (2)  The vehicle owner shall be allowed to make his own repairs or to select anyone else he desires to do them for him.

   (3)  A part replaced as a result of inspection shall be retained until the vehicle is returned to the customer. The customer shall have the right to examine all replaced parts.

   (4)  The vehicle owner shall be informed in writing on the repair order of any parts which, although in passing condition, the mechanic believes may become dangerous before the next inspection period. The brake and tire readings shall be indicated in writing on the repair order. If a temporary inspection approval indicator is issued, the repair order shall also contain the following information:

     (i)   A statement which specifies that failure to return the vehicle displaying a renewed emission certificate of inspection to the station prior to the expiration of the safety certificate of inspection shall void the temporary inspection approval indicator and necessitate a complete reinspection of the vehicle for which a fee may be charged.

     (ii)   A statement indicating that the fee for affixing a new certificate of inspection which shall be charged upon the return of the vehicle for the new certificate of inspection to be affixed. This fee shall be no greater than the posted fee for the certificate of inspection as required by §  175.24(2) (relating to required certificates and station signs).

   The provisions of this §  175.29 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of §  175.29 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended December 8, 1979, effective December 9, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 3495; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862, corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221207) to (221210).

   Careless recordkeeping is a lesser included offense of improper recordkeeping and no due process violation resulted from a finding of liability for lesser included offense in that accused was informed of substance of charge with reasonable certainty. Department of Transportation v. Tutt, 576 A.2d 1186 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).

   Evidence supported finding owner strictly liable for actions of inspection station employes who altered the safety and emissions stickers; however, Department committed error by failure to consider point system penalty alternative. Strickland v. Department of Transportation, 574 A.2d 110 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).

   As licensee, inspection station owes duty to conform to requirements of Department of Transportation regulations, and harm to members of public is not prerequisite for suspension of license where fraudulent recordkeeping is charged. Department of Transportation v. Midas Muffler Shop, 529 A.2d 91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

   Receipt of a letter charging an owner of an inspection station with fraudulent record keeping puts that owner on constructive notice that the charge is ‘‘of the same nature’’ as a previous charge of fraudulent record keeping, and subsection (a)(2) requiring copies of regulations describing violations be available to all employes served notice, thus justifying imposition of a 3-year suspension even though the letter containing the second charge did not specify that the second offense was ‘‘of the same nature’’ as the first offense. Department of Transportation v. Johnson, 482 A.2d 1378 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984).

   An inspection station owner may be penalized for the violation of statutory provisions found in 67 Pa. Code §  175.29 (responsibilities of inspection station owners), as well as by the law of agency, by an employee acting within the scope of his authority, even though the employe acted disobediently and the owner had no reason to anticipate such misconduct. Department of Transportation v. Cox, 476 A.2d 1012 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984).

 (a)  Eligibility. This designation will be issued to stations owned and operated by:

   (1)  The Federal Government.

   (2)  The Commonwealth.

   (3)  A political subdivision of the Commonwealth.

 (b)  General requirements. An applicant for a Commonwealth inspection station shall meet the requirements of this chapter, unless specifically exempted, including the specific requirements for fleet stations.

 (c)  Certified inspection mechanic. Each official Commonwealth inspection station shall have at least one inspection mechanic certified to inspect each type of vehicle which will be inspected.

 (d)  Method of inspection. A Commonwealth inspection station shall inspect and issue certificates of inspection only to vehicles registered in the name of the governmental body.

 (e)  Certificates of inspection. No fee may be charged for certificates of inspection requisitioned by Commonwealth inspection stations.

   The provisions of this §  175.30 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (122828).

   In reinstating the suspension of a municipality’s certificate and appointment to inspect motor vehicles, the Court noted that inspection stations owned and operated by political subdivisions of the Commonwealth are required to meet all provisions of the Vehicle Code and regulations, including a regulation that every inspection shall be completely performed by a certified inspection mechanic. Department of Transportation v. City of Philadelphia, Department of Public Property, 455 A.2d 277 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

 (a)  Eligibility. Eligibility requirements are as follows:

   (1)  A fleet inspection station owner shall own or lease at least 15 or more vehicles.

   (2)  The certificate of appointment shall authorize inspection of only those vehicles registered or leased by the fleet inspection station owner. Privately owned or registered vehicles of company officers and employes may not be inspected at a fleet inspection station even if they are used for business purposes.

   (3)  The inspection certificate shall be cancelled if the number of vehicles owned or leased falls below 15, except for a temporary delay in ordering or receiving additional vehicles to supplement the fleet.

 (b)  Certified inspection mechanic. Each fleet inspection station shall have at least one inspection mechanic certified to inspect each type of vehicle which will be inspected.

 (c)  Requirements. Requirements shall include the following:

   (1)  An applicant for a fleet inspection station shall meet the requirements of this chapter, unless specifically exempted.

   (2)  In addition to the minimum inspection area requirements of §  175.25(b)(1)(i) (relating to inspection area), the inspection area shall be large enough to accommodate the largest vehicle to be inspected at the fleet inspection station.

 (a)  Eligibility. This designation will be issued to stations that inspect trailers.

 (b)  Requirements. An applicant for a trailer station shall meet the requirements of this chapter, unless specifically exempted.

 (c)  Certified inspection mechanic. Each trailer inspection station shall have a mechanic certified to inspect trailers present during normal business hours.

 (d)  Record sheets. Inspections of trailers shall be recorded on Form MV-480. Inspection of recreational trailers shall be recorded on separate Form MV-480 report sheets.

 (e)  Tools. In addition to the tool requirements of §  175.26 (relating to tools and equipment), trailer stations shall have an ammeter—low range type.

 (a)  Eligibility. This designation shall be issued to stations that inspect only motorcycles.

 (b)  General requirements. A motorcycle inspection station shall meet the requirements of this chapter, unless specifically exempted.

 (c)  Certified inspection mechanic. A motorcycle inspection station shall have a mechanic certified to inspect motorcycles present during normal business hours.

 (d)  Record sheets. A motorcycle inspection shall be recorded on Form MV-431.

 (e)  Tools. In addition to the tool requirements of §  175.26 (relating to tools and equipment), a motorcycle station shall have the following additional tools:

   (1)  A spoke wrench.

   (2)  A truing stand.

   (3)  A photo-electric type aimer or approved headlight aiming screen.

 (f)  Exemption. A motorcycle station is not required to have floor jacks or a floor stand.

 (a)  Eligibility. This designation will be issued to stations that inspect vehicles if the station is so equipped.

 (b)  General requirements. An applicant for a general inspection station shall meet the requirements of this chapter, unless specifically exempted.

 (c)  Certified inspection mechanic. A general inspection station shall have a certified mechanic present during normal business hours.

 (d)  Method of inspection. A vehicle shall be inspected according to this chapter by a mechanic certified to inspect the appropriate class of vehicle.

   The provisions of this §  175.34 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (122830).

Subchapter C. CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION

Sec.

§ 175.41. Procedure.

 (a)  Unauthorized display of certificate of inspection. No certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator may be marked or affixed to a vehicle unless the vehicle has successfully passed inspection, meeting the requirements of 75 Pa. C.S. § §  101—9701 (relating to the Vehicle Code) and this chapter.

 (b)  Type. A certificate of inspection shall be selected for the particular type of vehicle being inspected according to this chapter. The certificate of inspection insert shall correspond to the vehicle’s registration month based on charts supplied by the Department. The certificate of inspection shall be examined before using. If found to be incorrect, the inspection station supervisor and the Vehicle Control Division shall immediately be notified.

   (1)  TS-460 shall be used for motor vehicles except motorcycles and motor-driven cycles.

   (2)  TS-463 shall be used for trailers, motorcycles and motor-driven cycles.

   (3)  A temporary inspection approval indicator shall be used to designate a vehicle which has successfully passed the required periodic safety inspection, but which shall display a renewed emission certificate of inspection before a new safety certificate of inspection sticker may be affixed to the vehicle.

 (c)  Required information. The information on the rear of the certificate of inspection shall be completed in its entirety in permanent ink. The odometer reading is not required to be completed for trailers and motorcycles.

   (1)  The temporary inspection approval indicator shall be affixed as described in subsection (e)(5) so as to be visible to the vehicle operator (while seated in the driver’s location) without obscuring any required information entered on the back of the safety certificate of inspection.

   (2)  When replacing a certificate of inspection for which a temporary inspection approval indicator has been issued, the back of the new certificate of inspection shall be completed using the information recorded on the report sheet (Form MV-431) at the time of the original inspection.

 (d)  Affixing certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator. The certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator shall only be affixed to the vehicle on the premises of the official inspection station and on a portion of the premises located within 100 feet and on the same side of the street as the official inspection station. A certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator may not be issued or affixed at another area of location.

   (1)  It is the responsibility of the certified inspection mechanic who performed the inspection to affix the certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator to the vehicle in the location prescribed by the Department. The certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator shall be affixed only after completion of the entire inspection, including the road test. A mechanic exempted by the Department from performing the road test under this chapter is responsible for affixing the certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator.

     (i)   Inspection stations may not replace a certificate of inspection to which a temporary inspection approval indicator has been affixed if one or more of the following apply:

       (A)   The inspection station did not perform the original inspection of the vehicle or issue the temporary inspection approval indicator affixed to the current certificate of inspection.

       (B)   The vehicle does not display a renewed emission certificate of inspection.

       (C)   The original safety certificate of inspection has expired.

       (D)   The vehicle is in an obviously unsafe condition, including, but not limited to, bald tires, exhaust leaks, broken glazing and broken or missing lighting.

     (ii)   Inspection stations may charge the posted fee for inspection of a vehicle to which a temporary inspection approval indicator has been affixed. A fee may not be charged for the temporary inspection approval indicator. The posted fee for the new certificate of inspection may only be charged when the new safety certificate of inspection is affixed to the vehicle.

   (2)  The surface on which the sticker is to be attached shall be wiped dry and clean of road film, grease and moisture for proper adhesion. The following apply:

     (i)   The glass or body surface shall be cleaned thoroughly.

     (ii)   The protective slip sheet shall be removed from the adhesive side of the certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator.

     (iii)   The sticker shall be positioned carefully, then squeezed until it is tightly affixed to the windshield, body or existing certificate of inspection.

     (iv)   Only the current certificate of inspection shall be visible.

 (e)  Certificate of inspection location. The certificate shall be located as follows:

   (1)  On a motor vehicle, the certificate of inspection shall be affixed in an upright position, to the extreme lower left-hand inside corner of the windshield—driver’s side.

   (2)  On a motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle, the certificate of inspection shall be affixed in a clearly visible, upright position to one of the following areas of the vehicle:

     (i)   On the left side—traffic side—of the front fork.

     (ii)   On the left side—traffic side—of the front fender.

     (iii)   On a plate attached by weld or rivets to the left side—traffic side—of the vehicle for purposes of mounting the certificate of inspection.

   (3)  The new certificate of inspection may not be placed over the old certificate of inspection. The certificate of inspection which expired or is about to expire shall be removed prior to placement of the new certificate of inspection.

   (4)  On trailers, the certificate of inspection shall be affixed, in an upright position, to the left front—traffic side—of the trailer, approximately 6 feet high, if possible. The certificate may not be placed on the nose or front side of the trailer. A holder is permitted if it is in the proper location and the certificate of inspection is affixed to prevent theft or transfer to another vehicle. The new certificate of inspection may not be placed over the old certificate of inspection.

   (5)  The temporary inspection approval indicator shall be affixed to the top left portion of the reverse side of the existing safety certificate of inspection so as to be visible to the vehicle operator (while seated in the driver’s location) without obscuring any required information entered on the back of the safety certificate of inspection.

 (f)  Inspection cycles. When selecting the proper type of certificate insert, the new expiration date is based upon whether the inspection is an annual or semiannual inspection.

   (1)  An annually inspected vehicle will receive an inspection for no more than 15 months and no less than 6 months based on the vehicle’s registration month and charts supplied by the Department.

   (2)  A semiannually inspected vehicle will receive an inspection for no more than 9 months based on charts supplied by the Department.

   (3)  Insert stickers will be selected based upon the expiration date on the new inspection. If the vehicle is subject to emission inspection as determined by an I/M indicator on the registration card, the vehicle will receive an I/M indicator tab on the safety certificate of inspection.

   (4)  A temporary inspection approval indicator shall be used to indicate that a vehicle has successfully passed the required periodic safety inspection, but shall display a renewed emission certificate of inspection before a new safety certificate of inspection sticker may be affixed to the vehicle. The temporary inspection approval indicator does not extend the expiration of any certificate of inspection to which it is affixed.

   The provisions of this §  175.42 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.41 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended March 27, 1981, effective March 28, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 1101; amended July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; corrected November 26, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 4058; amended June 1, 1984, effective June 2, 1984, 14 Pa.B. 1874; amended December 11, 1987, effective December 12, 1987, 17 Pa.B. 5130; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221213) to (221215).

 (a)  Fraudulent recording. Fraudulent recording of an inspection report sheet will be considered cause for suspension of inspection privileges.

 (b)  Signature. The certified mechanic who performed the entire inspection shall place his signature in the appropriate column of Form MV-431 or MV-480 immediately following the inspection. Both the mechanic exempted from performing the road test under this chapter and the certified mechanic who performed the road test shall place their signatures in the appropriate column.

   (1)  When the inspection information is transferred from a work order to the Form MV-431 or MV-480 by anyone other than the certified mechanic who performed the inspection, the work order shall contain the certified mechanic’s signature and be retained for 2 years. The person who enters the information shall place the name of the certified mechanic in the appropriate column and the initials of the person putting the information on the form in the appropriate column. A mechanic exempted from performing the road test under this chapter and the certified mechanic who performed the road test shall sign the work order. The person who transfers the information shall place the names of both certified mechanics in the appropriate column.

   (2)  A work order shall be available for inspection upon request by the inspection station supervisor or an authorized representative of the Department.

 (c)  Records retention. The original official inspection report sheet shall be retained as a garage record and kept on file at the station for 2 years. At the close of each inspection period, the official inspection report sheet shall be placed in the station’s files, even though all spaces may not have been used, and a new inspection report sheet shall be started for the new inspection period.

 (d)  Content. The inspection report sheet (Form MV-431 for passenger cars, trucks and buses or MV-480 for motorcycles and trailers) shall be neat and legible and completed in its entirety. Details pertinent to every vehicle inspected, including rejections, shall be recorded on the report sheet. Items inspected, adjusted or repaired shall be recorded. If the report sheet lists a piece of equipment which does not apply to the specific type of vehicle being inspected, a dash shall be placed in the column to indicate it has not been overlooked or neglected. Certificates of inspection issued shall be listed in numeric order.

   (1)  Temporary inspection approval indicators, if issued in lieu of a certificate of inspection, shall be recorded on a separate report sheet (Form MV-431) and shall be indicated in the area designated for the sticker number. This separate report sheet shall be completed as described in this subsection except a ‘‘T’’ shall be entered in the area designated for the sticker number to indicate that a temporary inspection approval indicator was issued. An inspection station may not impose a sticker charge for the issuance of a temporary inspection approval indicator.

   (2)  Upon the return of a vehicle for which a temporary inspection approval indicator has been issued, the station which originally affixed the temporary inspection approval indicator shall:

     (i)   Verify the year, make, body style, VIN and proof of financial responsibility for the vehicle presented for a renewed certificate of inspection to ensure it is the same vehicle indicated on the report sheet (Form MV-431) when the original inspection was performed. This information shall be recorded as a new entry on the regular report sheet (Form MV-431) where all inspection sticker serial numbers issued are recorded.

     (ii)   Record, on the Form MV-431, the serial number of the new certificate of inspection to be affixed to the vehicle along with the vehicle owner’s name, address, VIN, license plate number, vehicle year make and body style. A reference to the date and number of the original inspection performed shall be noted in the shaded area to the left of the area designated for the sticker serial number and total cost (that is, See T-inspection number 123 dated 01/01/97).

     (iii)   Enter, in the appropriate area of the report sheet (Form MV-431), the name of the certified inspection mechanic that verified the original inspection information and that is replacing the certificate of inspection.

   (3)  The certified inspection mechanic replacing the certificate of inspection shall sign the back of the new certificate of inspection and record the information from the original inspection entry (wheels pulled, date of inspection, and the like.) on the new certificate of inspection before it is affixed to the vehicle. The expiring certificate of inspection shall be removed prior to affixing the new certificate of inspection as described in paragraph (2).

   (4)  Inspection stations may not replace a certificate of inspection to which a temporary inspection approval indicator has been affixed if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The inspection station did not perform the original inspection of the vehicle or issue the temporary inspection approval indicator affixed to the current certificate of inspection.

     (ii)   The vehicle does not display a renewed emission certificate of inspection.

     (iii)   The original safety certificate of inspection has expired.

     (iv)   The vehicle is in an obviously unsafe condition, including, but not limited to, bald tires, exhaust leaks, broken glazing and broken or missing lighting.

 (e)  Nonrelated items. Gas, oil or other nonrelated items may not be included in total charges for repair and inspection.

 (f)  Classifications. The form numbers and colors listed in this subsection explain the general classification of vehicles to be recorded on each type of inspection record sheets:

   (1)  Form MV-431. Motor vehicles except motorcycles and motor-driven cycles shall be recorded on this form.

   (2)  Form MV-480. Trailer, motorcycle and motor-driven cycles shall be recorded on this form.

   The provisions of this §  175.42 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4103(a), 4107, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.42 adopted July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3859; amended October 29, 1982, effective October 30, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003; corrected March 5, 2004, effective February 7, 2004, 34 Pa.B. 1327. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (235233) to (235235).

   As licensee, inspection station owes duty to conform to requirements of Department of Transportation regulations, and harm to members of public is not prerequisite for suspension of license where fraudulent recordkeeping is charged. Department of Transportation v. Midas Muffler Shop, 529 A.2d 91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

 (a)  Check for errors. When inspection stickers are received by the inspection station, they should be checked for errors. If errors are discovered, they shall be reported to the Vehicle Control Division at once.

 (b)  Not transferable. An inspection certificate is not transferable. It shall only be affixed to vehicles as designated on the inspection record sheet of the inspection station to which the certificates were issued.

 (c)  Removal. Except as provided in paragraphs (1) and (3), a certificate of inspection may not be removed from a vehicle for which the certificate was issued, except to replace it with a new certificate of inspection issued under this chapter and Chapter 177 (relating to emission inspection program).

   (1)  A person replacing or repairing a windshield in a manner that requires removal of a certificate of inspection shall, at the option of the registrant of the vehicle, cut out the portion of the windshield containing the certificate of inspection and deliver it to the registrant of the vehicle or destroy the certificate. The vehicle may be driven up to 5 days if it displays the portion of the old windshield containing the certificate. Within the 5-day period, an official inspection station may affix to the vehicle another certificate of inspection for the same period without reinspecting the vehicle in exchange for the portion of the old windshield containing the certificate of inspection. Example: A #1 certificate of inspection shall be replaced with a #1 certificate of inspection. The replacement may be made any time prior to the expiration of the certificate of inspection. A fee of no more than $2 plus the fee paid to the Department for the certificate may be charged for exchanging the certificate of inspection.

     (i)   A replacement certificate of inspection may not be issued in the following circumstances.

       (A)   Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter, financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:

         (I)   A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code (relating to insurance).

         (II)   The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.

         (III)   A valid self-insurance identification card.

         (IV)   A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

         (V)   A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

       (B)   The vehicle is in an obviously unsafe operating condition.

     (ii)   The portion of the windshield containing the certificate of inspection may be retained for audit by the inspection station supervisor.

     (iii)   Record all information from the old certificate of inspection on Form MV-431. The replacement certificate of inspection shall be recorded on the same Form MV-431 and marked ‘‘replacement sticker issued.’’

     (iv)   ‘‘Replacement’’ shall be marked on the reverse side of the replacement certificate of inspection.

   (2)  Only one current, valid certificate of inspection shall be visible on a vehicle. The old certificate of inspection shall be removed and completely destroyed before a new sticker may be affixed.

   (3)  A vehicle that has an expired emission certificate of inspection affixed and which no longer has an I/M Registration Indicator on the registration card, shall have the expired emission sticker removed by the safety inspection mechanic who is affixing a new safety certificate of inspection.

 (d)  Security. Inspection certificates and temporary inspection approval indicators shall be kept under lock and key in a safe place. The station owner shall be solely responsible for their safety and shall account for certificates of inspection and temporary inspection approval indicators issued to the station.

 (e)  Unused. Unused certificates of inspection for an expired period shall be retained by the inspection station until audited by the inspection station supervisor. The Department will refund 75% of the purchase price of the unused certificates of inspection after the audit has been completed.

 (f)  Issuance of certificates of inspection. Certificates of inspection will not be issued by the Bureau to anyone who cannot display an executed signature card, Form MV-417. The signature card may not be entrusted to anyone except an employe or other person for whom the inspection station owner or manager will accept full responsibility for certificates of inspection delivered to that person.

 (g)  New signature cards. A new signature card shall be ordered from the Vehicle Control Division immediately whenever one or more of the following occur:

   (1)  The station copy is lost or stolen. The loss shall be immediately reported to the Vehicle Control Division.

   (2)  An employe whose signature appears on the card is no longer employed by the station.

   (3)  The card is defaced, torn or illegible.

   (4)  A signature is to be added.

   The provisions of this §  175.43 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4103(a), 4702, 4703, 4728 and 6103.

 (a)  Forms. The following requisition forms shall be used to order certificates of inspection and inserts:

   (1)  MV-436a. For vehicles.

   (2)  MV-467a. For inserts and temporary inspection approval indicators.

 (b)  Contents. Required information shall be entered on the order form.

   (1)  The correct name, address and station number, as shown on the certificate of appointment, shall be entered on every requisition form.

   (2)  A requisition shall be personally signed by one of the persons whose signature appears on the signature card, Form MV-417. The signature shall be identical to the one on file or the requisition will be rejected. No one may order certificates of inspection unless his signature is on the signature card on file with the Department.

 (c)  Additional instructions. The following also apply:

   (1)  When special delivery is desired, a separate check shall be enclosed for postage. Do not enclose cash or add the amount for postage to the check for certificates of inspection.

   (2)  Each sticker requisition shall be accompanied by a separate check. Certificates of inspection may be ordered on one requisition form. Checks shall be made payable to the ‘‘Department of Transportation’’ or ‘‘PENNDOT.’’

   (3)  A requisition may be a snap-out form with two sheets in each set. A copy shall be forwarded to the Department. No copy may be detached.

   (4)  Orders for certificates of inspection shall be for multiples of 25, with a minimum of 50 certificates, except that Commonwealth and fleet inspection stations shall order a minimum of 25 certificates.

   (5)  An incomplete or improper certificate of inspection requisition or check shall be returned to the official inspection station for correction. To avoid unnecessary inconvenience or delay, information shall be rechecked carefully.

   (6)  If certificates of inspection are to be delivered to a mailing address instead of the inspection station address, the mailing address shall be included on every requisition submitted to the Department.

 (d)  Copies. A copy of the requisition or a Department receipt will be returned with the order of certificates of inspection shipped from the Department. Station copies of the requisitions or Department receipts shall be kept on file at the station for 2 years and shall be made available for inspection upon request of the inspection station supervisor or an authorized representative of the Department.

 (e)  Suggested schedule. Certificates of inspection should be ordered as needed. Thirty days should be allowed for delivery.

 (f)  Additional certificates. An inspection station should anticipate its need for additional certificates of inspection.

   The provisions of this §  175.44 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

 A person may not do any of the following:

   (1)  Make, issue, transfer or possess an imitation or counterfeit of an official certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator and shall be sanctioned consistent with 75 Pa.C.S. §  4730(c) (relating to penalty).

   (2)  Display or cause to be displayed on a vehicle or have in his possession a certificate of inspection or temporary inspection approval indicator knowing it is fictitious, stolen, issued for another vehicle or issued without an inspection having been made and shall be sanctioned consistent with the provisions of 75 Pa.C.S. §  4730(c) (relating to penalty).

   (3)  Furnish, loan, give or sell certificates of inspection and approval to another official inspection station or another person except upon an inspection made in accordance with this chapter. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4730(b).

   The provisions of this §  175.45 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4101, 4702, 4703, 4706(e), 4728 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.45 adopted July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 26, 1997, effective September 27, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 5003. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (221220).

Subchapter D. SCHEDULE OF PENALTIES AND SUSPENSIONS:
OFFICIAL INSPECTION STATIONS AND CERTIFIED MECHANICS

Sec.

 (a)  Schedule. The complete operation of an official inspection station is the responsibility of the owner. Failure to comply with the appropriate provisions of 75 Pa.C.S. § §  101—9821 (relating to the Vehicle Code) will be considered sufficient cause for suspension of inspection privileges. A violator is also subject to criminal prosecution.

 (b)  Assignment of points. The Department will permit the station owner to consent to the acceptance of a point assessment for the station in lieu of suspension, if the station owner, manager, supervisor or other management level employe was without knowledge of the violation, and should not have known of the violation.

   (1)  The station owner bears the burden of proving that it provided proper supervision of the employe who committed the violation, but that supervision could not have prevented the violation.

   (2)  By accepting the assessment of points the station owner waives the right to appeal the Department’s determination in the case to a court of record. If the station owner refuses to accept the point assessment, the Department will issue the suspension indicated in this subchapter.

 (c)  Point determination. When offering a point assessment, in lieu of a suspension, the Department will calculate points in the following manner:

   (1)  One point will be assessed for every 2 months of suspension which the Department would otherwise impose.

   (2)  A point assessment will not exceed eight points for a single violation.

   (3)  If an inspection station is currently serving a suspension for a violation of this chapter, no point assessment will be made. A subsequent violation which occurs while a current suspension is being served will result in a suspension that will run consecutively with the current suspension.

 (d)  Point suspension. The Department will suspend the privileges of an official inspection station for an accumulation of points whenever the station accumulates ten or more points.

   (1)  The first occurrence of an accumulation of ten points or more shall result in a suspension for a period of 2 months for each point over nine points; the second occurrence of an accumulation of ten points or more shall result in a suspension for a period of 4 months for each point over nine points; the third occurrence of an accumulation of ten points or more shall result in a suspension for a period of 6 months for each point over nine points.

   (2)  The fourth occurrence for an accumulation of ten or more points shall result in a permanent suspension.

   (3)  Only suspensions issued as the result of an accumulation of points shall be counted in determining whether a suspension for point accumulation is a second, third or fourth suspension.

   (4)  If the point record of a station has been reduced to zero, a subsequent accumulation of points that will result in the suspension of the station will be considered first, second, third and fourth suspensions.

 (e)  Restoration of suspensions. Stations and mechanics that have had their privilege to inspect suspended shall be restored as follows:

   (1)  A station that has been suspended as a result of a point accumulation shall have its point total reduced to six points upon restoration.

   (2)  Additional points assessed against the station since the last violation resulting in a suspension will be added to the point record unless the station has served an additional suspension under subsection (c)(3).

   (3)  A certified inspection mechanic that has been suspended under this chapter will be restored at the termination of the suspension.

   (4)  Prior to restoration, the station shall meet the reapplication requirements of §  175.52 (relating to reapplication) to ensure timely restoration.

 (f)  Removal of points. Points assessed against a station shall be removed at the rate of two points for each 12 consecutive months in which the station has not had additional violations charged against it that could result in additional points. The 12-month period starts at the date of the last violation resulting in points or from the date of restoration of a suspension resulting from an accumulation of points, whichever occurred last.

 (g)  Subsequent violations. Determination of second and subsequent violations is made on the basis of previous violations in the same category within a 3-year period.

 (h)  Multiple violations. In the case of multiple violations which are reviewed and considered at one Departmental hearing, the Department will impose separate penalties for each violation as required by the schedule. The Department may direct that a suspension be served concurrently. If the Department permits a station to accept points in lieu of a suspension, the points will be assigned for the more serious violation affecting each vehicle. Violations affecting more than one vehicle will be treated as separate violations.

 (i)  Sale of business. An inspection station may be sold, transferred or leased to a new owner, and an application for appointment will be considered while the station is suspended or restored pending an appeal unless sold, transferred or leased to a person affiliated with the station or related to the station owner.

 (j)  Confiscated materials. Certificates of inspection and records confiscated as the result of an investigation will be retained by the inspection station supervisor. Certificates of inspection, certificates of appointment, mechanic certification cards and records confiscated as the result of a suspension will be returned to the Department. The Department will refund 75% of the purchase price for certificates of inspection confiscated as the result of a suspension.

 (k)  Official documents. Whenever an inspection station or mechanic is suspended or cancelled, the Department may order the surrender, upon demand, to an Inspection Station Supervisor or authorized representative of the Department of any of the following items:

   (1)  Inspection records.

   (2)  A certificate of appointment.

   (3)  Signature cards.

   (4)  Unused certificates of inspection.

   (5)  Unused monthly insert tabs.

   (6)  A mechanic certification card.

   The provisions of this §  175.51 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103(a), 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.51 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; amended June 1, 1984, effective June 2, 1984, 14 Pa.B. 1874; amended June 6, 1986, effective July 1, 1986, 16 Pa.B. 2023; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (153606) to (153610) and (166419) to (166421).

   Checks issued by service station which were drawn on accounts which had sufficient funds but were frozen by the IRS were ‘‘bad checks’’ and a proper basis upon which the service station’s certification as an official inspection station was suspended, since ‘‘bad checks’’ encompass any check which is uncollectible. Department of Transportation v. Phil Turner’s Service Centers, 593 A.2d 442 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1991).

   Careless recordkeeping is a lesser included offense of improper recordkeeping and no due process violation resulted from a finding of liability for lesser included offense in that accused was informed of substance of charge with reasonable certainty. Department of Transportation v. Tutt, 576 A.2d 1186 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).

   One year suspension of inspection privileges was warranted where service station owner furnished certificate without inspection by affixing inspection certificate to dump truck and permitted owner to remove truck from station before bringing the vehicle into compliance with the vehicle code. Department of Transportation v. DiMichele, 575 A.2d 678 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).

   Evidence supported finding owner strictly liable for actions of inspection station employes who altered the safety and emissions stickers; however, Department committed error by failure to consider point system penalty alternative. Strickland v. Department of Transportation, 574 A.2d 110 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990).

   Element of fraud or deceit essential to charge of fraudulent recordkeeping requires inquiry into whether recordkeeping entry was false, entered intentionally and with the purpose of deceiving; where entry was made to cover up an error, fraud existed. Department of Transportation v. Midas Muffler Shop, 529 A.2d 91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

   Fraud and deceit are elements of fraudulent recordkeeping rather than of improper or careless recordkeeping. Department of Transportation v. Cappo, 527 A.2d 190 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

   Applying the Statutory Construction Act of 1972, 1 Pa.C.S. §  1921(a), the Commonwealth Court found that ‘‘improper’’ is defined as ‘‘not accordant with fact, truth or right procedure, i.e. incorrect, inaccurate, while ‘‘careless’’ is defined as ‘‘not taking ordinary or proper care, i.e., neglectful, inattentive.’’ Department of Transportation v. Cappo, 527 A.2d 190 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987).

   The word ‘‘subsequent’’ as employed in subsection (c) means numbers which come after 2 not ‘‘later in time,’’ and permanent suspension was properly imposed based on single audit discovery of 104 fraudulent recordkeeping violations. The Department when considering multiple violations in a single case must impose separate penalties for each violation but has discretion in deciding whether any suspension shall run concurrently. McDonough v. Commonwealth, 489 A.2d 295 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985).

   Receipt of a letter charging an owner of an inspection station with fraudulent record keeping puts that owner on constructive notice that the charge is ‘‘of the same nature’’ as a previous charge of fraudulent record keeping, and this section specifically delineated what constituted violations thus justifying imposition of a 3-year suspension even though the letter containing the second charge did not specify that the second offense was ‘‘of the same nature’’ as the first offense. Department of Transportation v. Johnson, 482 A.2d 1378 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984).

   There was no error in the trial court’s determination that maintaining inspection records with some missing information did not constitute ‘‘faulty inspection’’ or ‘‘fraudulent record keeping’’ under 67 Pa. Code §  175.221(8)(ii) and (iv) (now 67 Pa. Code §  175.51(a)). Department of Transportation v. Sortino, 462 A.2d 925 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The trial court, upon finding facts different from the Bureau, may properly revise a penalty assessed by the Bureau under subsection (d). Department of Transportation v. Sortino, 462 A.2d 925 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   A suspension for a violation of ‘‘fraudulent record keeping’’ under this section precludes using that record keeping as a basis for a violation of ‘‘faulty inspection’’ and resultant further suspension under this section. Department of Transportation v. Sortino, 462 A.2d 925 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The evidence for a violation for ‘‘fraudulent record keeping’’ under 67 Pa. Code §  175.221(1) (now 67 Pa. Code §  175.51) can not be used as a basis for suspension on the more general violation of ‘‘faulty inspection,’’ because they are two, separate violations of the Vehicle Code. A suspension for a violation of ‘‘fraudulent record keeping’’ under 67 Pa. Code §  175.221(1) (now 67 Pa. Code §  175.51) precludes using that record keeping as a basis for a violation of ‘‘faulty inspection’’ and resultant further suspension under subsection (1). Department of Transportation v. Sortino, 462 A.2d 925 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   In holding an inspection station owner responsible for his employe mechanic’s violation of 67 Pa. Code §  175.28, the court noted that this section provides the proper penalties for faulty inspections. Department of Transportation v. Stahl, 460 A.2d 1223 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The Department’s supension of an inspection station’s certificate of appointment and of a mechanic’s inspection certification under 67 Pa. Code §  175.51 (formerly numbered §  175.221) was not an abuse of discretion where the station did not provide supervision of the employe who committed the offense. Kerbeck v. Department of Transportation, 459 A.2d 908 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The Department’s failure to provide records for discovery of any previous violations by an inspection station, such documents to provide the basis for claiming entitlement to a warning in lieu of a suspension upon a first offense under 67 Pa. Code §  176.22, is sufficient grounds to allow default judgment to be granted against the Department. Commonwealth v. Redek Auto Service, 458 A.2d 614 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   The Department has not erred if it treats two violations as separate offenses even though such violations were both discovered during the same Department inspection of the inspection station. Masqueliers Service v. Department of Transportation, 454 A.2d 1193 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

 After a suspension has been served, inspection privileges will not be restored until an application for reappointment has been received by the Department. Upon receipt of an application for reappointment following suspension of 3 months or more, a complete and thorough investigation by the inspection station supervisor will be conducted to determine if applicant qualifies for reappointment under Subchapter B (relating to official inspection stations). Other applications for reappointment are subject to investigation at the discretion of the Department. The station shall submit an application for appointment 30 days prior to the restoration date to ensure timely restoration.

   The provisions of this §  175.52 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; amended June 6, 1986, effective July 1, 1986, 16 Pa.B. 2023; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (122838) and (122839).

   The provisions of this §  175.53 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended December 8, 1978, effective December 9, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 3495; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (59759) to (59760) and (56796) to (56831).

Subchapter E. PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS

Sec.

 Equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to passenger cars and light trucks driven on highways.

 Every suspension component shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (a)  Condition of steering components. The steering assembly and steering mechanism shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Steering wheel. The steering wheel, except if specially designed for handicapped drivers, shall be equivalent to original equipment in material strength and have a minimum outside diameter of 13 inches.

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Service brakes. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).

   (1)  The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of stopping a vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance), except on a vehicle being transported in driveaway-towaway operation.

   (2)  The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of a type approved by the vehicle manufacturer or shall meet the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards in Appendix A (relating to minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake lining—SAE J998).

   (3)  A passenger car manufactured or assembled after June 30, 1967, and designated as a 1968 or later model shall be equipped with a service brake system of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of an actuating force component, the unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying adequate braking force to vehicle.

   (4)  Metal from a shoe may not contact the brake drums or rotors.

   (5)  Brake lines shall be approved for use as brake lines.

 (c)  Parking brake system. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a parking brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502.

   (1)  A parking brake system shall be adequate to hold the vehicle on a surface free from ice or snow on a 20% grade with the vehicle in neutral.

   (2)  The parking brakes shall be separately actuated so that failure of any part of the service brake actuation system will not diminish the vehicle’s parking brake holding capability.

   The provisions of this §  175.64 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Tire standards. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have tires manufactured in conformance with standards in Chapter 159 (relating to new pneumatic tires). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4525 (relating to tire equipment and traction surfaces). Tires with equivalent metric size designations may be used.

 (c)  Radial ply tires. A radial ply tire may not be used on the same axle with a bias or belted tire.

 (d)  Different types of tires. Tires of different types, such as one snow tire and one regular tire or bias, belted or radial tire, may not be used on the same axle except in an emergency.

 (e)  Nonpneumatic tires. A passenger car or light truck operated on highway may not be equipped with nonpneumatic tires except an antique vehicle with nonpneumatic tires if originally equipped by the manufacturer.

 (f)  Ice grips or studs. A tire may not be equipped with ice grips or tire studs or wear-resisting material which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.

 (g)  Tires and rims. The axles of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with the number and type of tires and rims with a load rating equal to or higher than those offered by the manufacturer.

 (h)  Spacers. Spacers or similar devices thicker than 1/4 inch may not be installed to increase wheel track.

   The provisions of this §  175.65 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Lighting standards. A lamp shall comply with vehicle lighting equipment requirements of this title. See Tables II—IV; Chapter 153 and 75 Pa.C.S. §  4301.

 (c) Headlamp system. A vehicle specified under this subchapter which is driven on highway shall have a two- or four-headlamp system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(a) (relating to general lighting requirements).

   (1) Both lamps in the two-headlamp system shall be of Type II construction consisting of high beam and low beam. One lamp shall be located on each side of front of motor vehicle.

   (2)  In the four-headlamp system, two lamps shall be of Type II construction and two lamps shall be of Type I construction. Type I lamps consist of a high beam only. One of each type shall be located on each side of the front of the motor vehicle.

   (3)  The headlamp low beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 7,500.

   (4)  The headlamp high beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 10,000.

   (5)  A headlamp shall be aimed to comply with inspection procedure of this subchapter.

   (6)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with manual dimmer switch conveniently located for use by the driver while in normal operating position. An automatic dimming device may be used in addition to the manual switch.

   (7)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a beam indicator, which shall be lighted whenever the high beam of light from the headlamp is in use and shall not otherwise be lighted. An indicator shall be located so that when lighted it is readily visible without glare to operator of vehicle.

 (d)  Total candlepower. The total candlepower for headlamps and auxiliary lamps shall not exceed 150,000.

 (e)  Other required lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have at least one red stop lamp on each side of rear of vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of the service brake.

 (f)  Illumination except headlamps, fog lamps and auxiliary driving lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with parking lamps, stop lamps, tail lamps, turn signal lamps and hazard warning lamps designed for that specific function, which under normal atmospheric conditions shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b)—(d).

   (1)  Stop lamps, turn signals and hazard warning lamps shall be visible at distance of 100 feet during normal sunlight.

   (2)  Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in operation.

   (3)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with hazard warning lamps unless the lamps were not included as original equipment.

   (4)  The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

 (g)  Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of a color not contrary to Tables II—IV; and not be so obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or a device as to obscure, change the color of or obstruct beam.

 (h)  Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section and not located as described in Tables III, IV and V of this chapter, is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is prohibited except on taxicabs, ambulances and trucks. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or revolving lights are in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

 (i)  [Reserved].

 (j)  Back-up lamps. Back-up lamps are not permitted to be lighted when the vehicle is in forward motion. Back-up lamps shall turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward. If the lamps do not turn off automatically, a dash indicator that lights or creates audible warning is required.

 (k) Registration plate lamp. If the vehicle was originally so equipped, the registration plate lamp shall emit white light and make the registration plate visible from distance of 50 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

 (l)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps. Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps may be installed on a passenger vehicle or light truck if the lamps comply with the following:

   (1)  Auxiliary driving lamps shall not be substituted for headlamps. Auxiliary driving lamps may only be used with high headlamp beams.

   (2)  Fog lamps may not be substituted for headlamps.

   (3)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be mounted on the front, spaced at least 20 inches apart from center to center and at height not more than 42 inches above level surface upon which the vehicle stands nor lower than the lowest chassis part. Rear fog lamps, if originally installed or offered as optional equipment, are acceptable.

   (4)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be aimed when the vehicle and lamp assembly are in the straight ahead position with the beam not above horizontal centerline of lamp at 25 feet.

   (5)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter may have only one pair of approved auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps.

   (6)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall not be placed in front of a required lamp.

   (7)  Auxiliary driving lamps shall not be used on snowplows as a substitute for headlamps obscured by blade. A substitute for headlamps used on the vehicle shall be complete, approved headlamps having both high and low beams.

   (8)  Snowplow lamps shall be installed as follows:

     (i)   These lamps shall be wired through a double throw switch so that both sets of lights will not operate at same time.

     (ii)   Snowplow lamps shall be aimed so that the high intensity beam does not project to the left of the extreme left side of the vehicle nor higher than the center of the lamp at a distance of 25 feet in front of the vehicle. In no case shall the high intensity portion of a beam be higher than 42 inches above the level upon which the vehicle stands at a distance of 75 feet ahead. Lamps shall be spaced at a distance of not less than 20 inches apart and shall be symetrically located on each side of the vehicle centerline.

   (9)  In accordance with 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(f) (relating to general lighting requirements), roof or roll bar mounted off-road lights may be installed if they are not used on a highway or trafficway and are covered with an opaque covering at all times while operating on the highway or trafficway. Vehicles equipped with roof or roll bar mounted off-road lights shall have a switch that indicates to the driver, through the use of a pilot light, that the lights are on when so switched.

   (10)  White or clear cargo lamps are permitted if available as original equipment or installed in a manner which expressly illuminates the cargo area of a multipurpose passenger vehicle, truck or bus.

 (m)  Antique vehicle lighting exemption. An antique vehicle, if operated exclusively between the hours of sunrise to sunset and not during periods of reduced visibility or insufficient illumination, is exempt from requirements of this section except requirements pertaining to stop lamps.

 (n)  Battery fastening. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a system specifically designed for the secure fastening of the battery.

   The provisions of this §  175.66 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.66 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221231) to (221234).

   Position of Lamps

 (a)  Condition of glazing. Glazing shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4526 (relating to safety glass).

 (b)  Safety glazing. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with safety glazing in all windshields, windows and wings. The requirements of this subsection do not apply to a vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if the original glazing is not cracked or discolored.

 (c)  Stickers. Stickers shall be located as follows:

   (1)  Truck weight classification sticker—trucks only—shall be affixed to lower left hand corner of the windshield to the immediate right of the certificate of inspection.

   (2)  The following stickers are authorized to be affixed to windshield or windows, as indicated:

     (i)   Out-of-State inspection stickers, tax stamps, road use permits or other government-related permits—municipalities and states—may be placed at the lower left or right-hand corner of the windshield.

     (ii)   A Delaware River Port Authority Bridge Travel Permit may be affixed to the left rear window. This permit is 2-1/4 inches by 4-1/4 inches and is an automatic triggering device for passing vehicles through toll gates on a bridge.

     (iii)   The suggested manufacturer’s retail price sheet may be affixed to a new vehicle of a dealer. These labels are permitted only on the lower portion of a side window, as far to the rear of a vehicle as possible. When the vehicle is sold, this label shall be removed.

 (d)  Obstructions. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have glazing free from obstructions as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

   (1)  With the exception of materials in paragraph (4), signs, posters or other materials whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material may not be placed on the windshield, a side wing, a side window or rear window so as to obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, these restrictions do not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of trucks or multipurpose passenger vehicles.

   (2)  With the exception of materials in paragraph (4), signs, posters or other materials whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material may not be placed on a rear side window, rear wing or rear window of a passenger car which either covers more than 20% of the exposed portion of the windows or wings, or extends more than 3 1/2 inches above the lowest exposed portion of the windows or wings.

   (3)  This subsection also applies to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

   (4)  A sun screening device or other material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside of the vehicle is prohibited, unless otherwise permitted by FMVSS No. 205, or a certificate of exemption has been issued in compliance with §  175.265 (relating to exemption provisions). See Table X for specific requirements for vehicles subject to this subchapter. Passenger car requirements relating to the rear window are delineated by vehicle model year in Table X.

   (5)  Vehicles specified under this subchapter may not have an obstruction forward of the windshield which extends more than 2 inches upward into the horizontally projected vision area of the windshield with the exception of windshield wiper components.

   The provisions of this §  175.67 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.67 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221234) to (221235).

 (a)  Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Rearview mirrors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with at least one rearview mirror or similar device which provides the driver an unobstructed view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance of not less than 200 feet. A mirror may not be cracked, broken or discolored.

 (c)  Obstructions. On a vehicle specified under this subchapter, a rearview mirror shall be free from obstructions as described in §  175.80.

   (1)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter having a sign, load or material which obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway shall have two outside rearview mirrors, one on the driver’s side and one on the passenger’s side, each with a minimum reflective surface of 19.5 square inches.

   (2)  Rear window louvers are permitted only if the vehicle has at least two outside rearview mirrors, one on the driver’s side and one on the passenger’s side, each with minimum reflective surfaces of 19.5 square inches.

   (3)  Rearview mirrors, each with a minimum reflective surface of 19.5 square inches, shall be installed on both sides of a vehicle for which a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued. A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless the vehicle was originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (4)  No object or material may be hung from the rearview mirror and no object or material may be hung, placed or attached in a position so as to materially obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s vision through the windshield or constitute a safety hazard.

   (5)  This subsection also applies to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

 (d)  Motor homes. A motor home shall be free from obstructions as described in this subchapter.

   (1)  A vehicle manufactured as or permanently converted into a motor home with a GVW of 11,000 pounds or less may have windows—approved glass only—transparent screens and roll-up shades or curtains installed if the shades and curtains are securely fastened in the completely opened position to avoid covering a portion of window while the vehicle is being operated on the highway. Venetian blinds may not cover a window while the vehicle is operated on the highway.

   (2)  If a window is covered for installation of a wardrobe, cupboard or other convenience, it shall be factory installed or otherwise permanently installed—optional equipment or facsimile only. Two outside mirrors shall be installed to afford the operator a clear view 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

   The provisions of this §  175.68 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.68 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (132870) to (132871).

 Every windshield defroster system shall be in safe operating condition.

 A windshield washer system shall be installed and in safe operating condition on passenger cars and light trucks manufactured after 1968.

 (a)  Condition of windshield wipers. A wiper system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Cleaning. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a wiper system capable of cleaning rain, snow and other moisture from windshield and constructed so as to be operated by a switch conveniently located for use by the driver while in normal operating position.

   (1)  Wipers shall operate as specified by the manufacturer or a minimum of 45 cycles per minute if not specified.

   (2)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter originally equipped with two wiper blades and two wiper arms—driver and passenger side—shall have them in place and in good working order.

 (a)  Condition of fuel systems. All components in a fuel system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fuel system requirements. The fuel system components shall be leakproof and shall be fastened securely to the vehicle with fasteners designed for that purpose.

 (c)  Accelerator operation. An accelerator control system shall return the engine throttle to the idle position when the operator removes the actuating force from the accelerator control.

 (d)  Filler cap. A fuel system shall be equipped with a filler cap.

 (e)  Alternate fuel systems. See Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have an operating speedometer calibrated to indicate miles per hour or kilometers per hour.

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter, except a motor vehicle at least 25 years old, shall have an operating odometer calibrated to indicate total miles or kilometers driven.

 (a)  Condition of exhaust system. All components of the exhaust system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Exhaust system requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be constructed, equipped, maintained and operated to prevent engine exhaust gases from penetrating and collecting in any part of the vehicle occupied by the driver or a passenger, in addition to requirements of this title for an emission control system and smoke control for a diesel-powered vehicle.

   (1)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. A muffler or exhaust system may not be equipped with a cutout, bypass or similar device and a muffler may not show evidence of external repair.

   (2)  The exhaust system of a vehicle may not be modified in a manner which will amplify or increase noise emitted by the motor of a vehicle above the maximum level permitted by Chapter 157 (relating to established sound levels).

   (3)  Headers and side exhaust are permitted if the vehicle meets the requirements of this section.

   (4)  An exposed exhaust system shall be equipped with an adequate heat shield or protective system.

   (5)  An exhaust system shall extend and discharge completely to the outside edge of the vehicle body, including a truck bed, or as originally designed.

   (6)  A firefighting vehicle is exempt from regulations concerning exhaust systems, mufflers and noise control.

   The provisions of this §  175.75 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of horns and warning devices. All components of a horn or warning device shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Horn and warning device requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have a horn or other warning device which is audible under normal conditions at a distance of not less than 200 feet. No vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or similar device emitting an unreasonably loud or harsh sound except emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fenders. The wheels of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with fenders of a type used as original equipment. A tire may not come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle.

 (c)  Hood and hood latches. The entire motor compartment of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be covered by a hood. The hood shall be equipped with a double latch system to hold it in the closed position if the hood was originally so equipped.

 (d)  Protruding objects. There may be no torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protruding from the body of the vehicle.

 (e)  Fender flares. A vehicle may be equipped with fender flares not to exceed 3 inches.

 (f)  Doors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with doors of a type used as original equipment. The doors shall open and close securely unless the vehicle has been manufactured or modified to the extent that there is no roof or side. Tailgates, except on vehicles where the tailgate gives access to the passenger compartment, may be replaced with wood planking, nets or other material that will prevent loss of load. Tailgates may be removed when optional equipment, for example a truck camper, is added.

   The provisions of this §  175.77 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.80 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Vehicle frame. A vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.

 (c)  Motor mounts. Motor mounts may not be broken, cracked or missing.

 (d)  Flooring and floor beds. Flooring and floor beds shall be of a construction to support occupants and cargo which the vehicle is capable of carrying and may not have openings through which exhaust gases could enter passenger compartment.

 (e)  Bumpers. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with bumpers of a type used as original equipment, or a suitable replacement which is equal to or greater in strength than that provided by the vehicle manufacturer, securely attached to the chassis or frame. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4536 (relating to bumpers).

   (1)  A bumper shall be of at least equivalent strength and mounting as the original equipment.

   (2)  No portion of a bumper may be broken, torn or protruding to create a hazard.

   (3)  A bumper may not extend beyond the body line or be longer than original equipment, whichever is greater.

   (4)  A wood plank bumper is permitted on a road service truck or wrecker if it is firmly attached to a regular bumper or equivalent steel backing.

   (Editors Note: The effective date of subsection (e)(5) is postponed indefinitely, 29 Pa.B. 2460 (May 8, 1999). Until such time as this subsection is made effective, the regulation shall continue to provide:

    (5) Some part of a horizontal bumper bar on passenger vehicles shall fall within 16—20 inches above ground level.

    (6) Some part of a horizontal bumper bar on a multipurpose passenger vehicle and light truck shall fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.

   See 26 Pa.B. 4230 (August 31, 1996).)

   (5)  Bumper height. Bumper height shall be as follows:

     (i)   Some part of the main horizontal bumper bar, exclusive of any bumper guards, on passenger vehicles and light trucks shall fall within 16 inches aboveground level and may not exceed the following limits:

     (ii)   The front and rear height measurements shall be made to the bottom edge of the foremost portion of the frame rail, or to the original mounting brackets, whichever is lower, if one of the following apply:

       (A)   The bumper height, relative to the frame rail, has been altered.

       (B)   The vehicle was not originally equipped with a front or rear bumper.

       (C)   A supplemental bumper has been added.

       (D)   The manufacturer’s specified bumper has been replaced with a bumper not identical to the manufacturer’s specified bumper.

 (f)  Seats. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a seat for an operator which is firmly anchored to the frame or a support.

   (1)  Metal springs may not protrude from the driver’s seat.

   (2)  A seat adjusting mechanism may not move from a set position when so adjusted.

 (g)  Safety belts. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with safety belts of a type used as original equipment securely attached to the frame or structure. If attached to sheet metal, they shall have backing plates.

   (1)  Safety belt webbing may not be frayed.

   (2)  Belt buckles shall operate properly.

 (h)  Body mounts. Body mounts may not be broken, cracked, deteriorated or missing.

 (i)  Rear wheel shields. Trucks shall be constructed or equipped to bar water or other road surface substances thrown from rear wheels of the vehicle at tan- gents exceeding 22.5°, measured from the road surface, from passing in a straight line to rear of the vehicle. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4533 (relating to rear wheel shields).

   The provisions of this §  175.78 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin:

       (A)   The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate department form has been completed to correct the error or transposition.

       (B)   The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.

     (ii)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration card:

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if originally so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.

     (iii)   Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter, financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:

       (A)   A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code (relating to insurance).

       (B)   The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.

       (C)   A valid self-insurance identification card.

       (D)   A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

       (E)   A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

   (2)  Check glazing.

     (i)   Reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   Approved safety glazing is not used in every windshield, window and wing.

       (B)   A sign, poster or other material whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, this restriction does not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of trucks or multi-purpose passenger vehicles.

       (C)   A sign, poster or other material, whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, extends more than 3 1/2 inches from the lowest exposed portion of the rear window, rear side windows or rear wings of a passenger car.

       (D)   A vehicle displays a sticker other than those prescribed under §  175.67(c) (relating to glazing), or displays a parking sticker in a location described in §  175.67(d).

       (E)   Glass is shattered or broken or has exposed sharp edges.

       (F)   The windshield is removed.

       (G)   There are defects in an acute area of the windshield—center of the critical area on the driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision, 8 1/2 inches wide and 5 1/2 inches high—or discolorations or hazardous cracks to the front, right, left or rear of the driver which would interfere with the driver’s vision.

       (H)   Glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification, are on the windshield or front side windows.

       (I)   Glass etchings extend more than 3 1/2 inches from the lowest exposed portion of rear window, rear side windows or rear wings.

     (ii)   This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a product or material along the top edge of a windshield as long as the product or material is transparent and does not encroach upon the AS-1 portion of the windshield as provided by FMVSS No. 205, and the product or material is not more than 3 inches from the top of the windshield.

   (3)  Check the windshield wiper system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The wipers do not operate as specified by manufacturer, or 45 cycles per minute if not specified.

     (ii)   The wiper blades are torn or smear or streak windshield after five cycles.

     (iii)   There is only one wiper where two are required.

     (iv)   The wipers do not return to the rest position.

     (v)   The windshield washers, if originally so equipped, do not operate.

   (4)  Check the door operation, including the tailgate, and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The doors, except a tailgate on a pick-up truck, are not on the vehicle if originally fitted by the manufacturer.

     (ii)   The doors, including the tailgate, do not open and close securely, unless the vehicle has been manufactured or modified to the extent that there is no roof or side.

   (5)  Check outside mirrors and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   A vehicle does not have rearview mirrors as originally equipped by the manufacturer.

     (iv)   Outside rearview mirrors, with a minimum reflective surface as described in §  175.68 (relating to mirrors), are not installed on both sides of the vehicle if a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued by the Department. See §  175.264 (relating to mirrors). A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

     (v)   The mirrors, if originally so equipped, are missing.

   (6)  Check fenders, hood and trunk lid and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A fender—front or rear—has been removed.

     (ii)   The fenders are not of a type and size used as original equipment.

     (iii)   The hood does not cover the entire motor compartment or cannot be fully closed.

     (iv)   The trunk lid is not present or does not close securely.

     (v)   The fender flares exceed 3 inches in width.

   (7)  Check the flooring and floor beds and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   They are not in a condition to support the occupants and cargo.

     (ii)   The floor pan is rusted through so as to cause hazard to occupants or to permit exhaust gases to enter passenger compartment.

     (iii)   A truck is not equipped with rear wheel shields—mud flaps—as required under 75 Pa.C.S. §  4533 (relating to rear wheel shields).

   (8)  Check the bumpers and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The bumper, if required as original equipment, is not on the vehicle.

     (ii)   The bumpers are not firmly attached to the frame or chassis.

     (iii)   Some part of the main horizontal bumper bar, exclusive of bumper guards, on passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles and light trucks does not fall within 16 inches aboveground level or exceeds the following limits:

     (iv)   The front and rear height measurements shall be made to the bottom edge of the foremost portion of the frame rail, or to the original mounting brackets, whichever is lower, if one of the following apply:

       (A)   The bumper height, relative to the frame rail, has been altered.

       (B)   The vehicle was not originally equipped with a front or rear bumper.

       (C)   A supplemental bumper has been added.

       (D)   The manufacturer’s specified bumper has been replaced with a bumper not identical to the manufacturer’s specified bumper.

     (v)   A broken or torn portion is protruding so as to create hazard.

     (vi)   The bumpers extend beyond body line or are longer than originally equipped, whichever is greater.

   (9)  Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except ornamental lights.

     (ii)   The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

     (iii)   The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate right or left or hold in position when so switched or do not self-cancel if originally designed to do so.

     (iv)   The back-up lamps do not turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward, there is no indicator on dash that lights or there is no audible warning signal.

     (v)   The lamp shows a color contrary to the lighting chart.

     (vi)   The lamp or filament indicated at the switch position does not light when the correct switch indicates the lamp should be on.

     (vii)   The lamp has a missing or broken lens.

     (viii)   A required lamp is missing.

     (ix)   The auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or in front of a lamp.

     (x)   The fog lamps operate with the high beams of the headlamps or are substituted for the low beams.

     (xi)   The auxiliary driving lamps operate with the low beam of standard headlamp system or alone.

     (xii)   The headlamps are out of adjustment as follows:

       (A)   Mechanical aimer:

         (I)   The horizontal aim is more than 4 inches to the left or right.

         (II)   The vertical aim is higher or lower than 4 inches from center.

       (B)   Screen or photo electric type tester. See Charts 1—3 (relating to headlight aiming screen distance and marking identification; high beam inspection limits; and low beam inspection limits).

         (I)   Turn the lamps on high beam and reject if the center of the beam is horizontally more than 4 inches to the right or left of ‘‘straight ahead’’ or if center of light beam is vertically more than 4 inches above or below horizontal line.

         (II)   Turn the lamps on low beam and reject if the upper edge of the beam is more than 4 inches above or below horizontal center line of headlamp or if inner edge of beam is more than 4 inches to the right or left of the vertical line.

   (10)  Check for protruding metal and reject if torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from a surface of the vehicle so as to create a hazard.

   (11)  Check the fuel tank cap and reject if the fuel tank filler cap is missing.

   (12)  Check the shock absorbers and reject if the vehicle continues free rocking motion greater than three cycles after release, indicating loss of the shock absorber function.

 (b)  Internal inspection. An internal inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check steering column and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Freeplay exceeds the following allowances:

     (ii)   The gear box is loose on the frame.

     (iii)   The energy-absorbing column is defective.

     (iv)   The steering wheel, except if specially designed for handicapped drivers, is not circular or equivalent in strength to original equipment or has an outside diameter less than 13 inches.

     (v)   The front wheels cannot be turned to the full right or left position without binding or interference.

     (vi)   The flexible steering coupler—rag joint—is badly misaligned—twisted or out of alignment between attaching collars.

     (vii)   The number of turns of the steering wheel from a straight ahead tire position to the right stop is not equal to the number of turns to the left stop within a tolerance of 1/4 turn.

   (2)  Check the high beam and turn signal indicator lamps and reject if the indicator lamps are not working.

   (3)  Check the horn and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is no horn or other acceptable audible warning device.

     (ii)   The horn or other warning device is not audible under normal conditions for distances of not less than 200 feet.

     (iii)   The vehicle is equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or device emitting harsh or unreasonably loud sound, except for emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

   (4)  Check the brake pedal and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The brake pedal travel exceeds 80% of the total available travel unless originally designed to do so.

     (ii)   The brake pedal fades while the vehicle is stopped unless originally designed to do so.

     (iii)   There is excessive friction in pedal linkage or components, pedal levers are misaligned or improperly positioned or the pedal pad is missing.

     (iv)   A brake warning lamp or other device indicates a malfunction of the braking systems unless the vehicle is equipped with an antilock braking system (ABS) which is designed to revert to standard braking operation and no driveability deficiency or loss of braking performance is present.

   (5)  Check the parking brake operation and reject if the pedal or lever reaches its limit of travel before parking brakes are set.

   (6)  Check the seat and safety belts, if originally equipped, and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The driver’s seat or back rest is not firmly attached.

     (ii)   The metal spring protrudes from driver’s seat.

     (iii)   The seat-adjusting mechanism slips out of set position.

     (iv)   There is no safety belt for each seating location, if the vehicle was originally so equipped, or if seats have been added.

     (v)   The safety belt webbing is frayed.

     (vi)   The belt buckles do not operate properly.

     (vii)   The belt anchorages are broken.

     (viii)   A passive seat belt restraint system is inoperative.

   (7)  Check inside the mirror and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   An object or material is hung from or blocking inside mirror.

     (iv)   The mirror, if originally so equipped, is missing.

   (8)  Check front windshield defroster system, if so equipped, and reject if defroster fan does not function.

 (c)  Under the hood inspection. An under the hood inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check the hood and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The latch does not hold securely in the fully closed position.

     (ii)   The latch release mechanism or its parts are broken, missing or so poorly adjusted that the hood cannot be closed properly.

     (iii)   The double latch mechanism is not operating as originally equipped.

   (2)  Check the motor mounts, either here or during the beneath vehicle inspection, and reject if the motor mounts are broken, cracked or missing.

   (3)  Check the fuel systems and controls and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is liquid fuel leakage at any point in system.

     (ii)   A part of fuel line is not securely fastened.

     (iii)   A fuel tank or line was not specifically designed or manufactured as fuel tank or line.

     (iv)   A fuel line is in contact with high temperature surfaces or moving parts.

     (v)   A fuel tank or line intrudes into a driver, passenger or cargo compartment except if the vehicle was originally so designed. If the vehicle is equipped with an alternate fuel system, see Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

     (vi)   The throttle does not return to the idle position when the actuating force is removed.

     (vii)   The firewall has any holes or cracks which would permit fumes to enter driver and passenger compartments.

   (4)  Check the exhaust system and reject if there is exhaust leak.

   (5)  Check the brake system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The master cylinder leaks.

     (ii)   The power brake lines or hydraulic hoses or lines leak or are disconnected, flattened or restricted.

     (iii)   The hydraulic booster for the power brake system is leaking or inoperative or has excessively worn belts that would prevent proper operation of the pump.

   (6)  Check the battery and reject if the battery is not securely fastened with a device specifically designed for that function.

 (d)  Visual inspection of emission control system. Vehicles registered in counties where there is not an emission inspection program under Chapter 177 (relating to emission inspection program), shall be checked visually for the presence of emission control components. These components may be original vehicle equipment or an equivalent aftermarket replacement component meeting the same standards. In addition to the exceptions under §  175.4 (relating to vehicles required to be inspected), this subsection does not apply to vehicles registered as collectible or classic motor vehicles as defined in 75 Pa.C.S. §  102 (relating to definitions).

   (1)  The visual inspection shall be performed through direct observation or through indirect observation, using a mirror or other visual aid.

   (2)  Provided that the make and model year of the vehicle would have originally been equipped with the device, reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The catalytic converter has been removed, disconnected or is the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

     (ii)   Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve has been removed, disconnected or is the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

     (iii)   Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve has been removed, disconnected or is the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

     (iv)   Fuel inlet restrictor has been removed, disconnected or is the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

     (v)   Air pump has been removed, disconnected or is the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

     (vi)   Evaporative control system components have been removed, disconnected or are the wrong type for the certified vehicle configuration.

 (e)  Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A tire has two adjacent treads with less than 2/32-inch tread remaining at any point—less than 4/32-inch tread on the front tires of the vehicles having a gross weight in excess of 10,000 pounds.

     (ii)   A tire is worn so that the tread wear indicators contact the road in any two adjacent grooves.

     (iii)   A part of ply or cord is exposed.

     (iv)   A tire has been repaired with a blow-out patch or boot.

     (v)   There is a bump, bulge or separation.

     (vi)   A tire is marked “not for highway use,” “for racing purposes only” or “unsafe for highway use,” or has a similar designation.

     (vii)   There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render the tire unsafe for highway use.

     (viii)   A tire has been regrooved or recut below the original tread design depth except special taxicab tires which are identified as having extra undertread rubber.

     (ix)   A tire’s tread extends beyond the outer edge of the wheel housing inclusive of fender flares.

     (x)   The tires used on the same axle are not the same size or type of construction—bias, belted, radial or snow.

     (xi)   The wheel nuts or bolts are missing, loose or have improper thread engagement.

     (xii)   The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.

     (xiii)   Part of the wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.

     (xiv)   The rear wheel does not track front wheel in straight ahead position as originally designed.

     (xv)   The wheel base on one side differs from the wheel base on the other side by more than 1 inch, unless the vehicle’s design specifications indicate different left and right wheel base dimensions.

     (xvi)   Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.

     (xvii)   Retreads are on the front axle of a taxi.

     (xviii)   The diameter of duals is not within 3/8-inch of each other.

     (xix)   An axle has missing tires or rims.

     (xx)   A tire makes contact with the body or chassis.

     (xxi)   Spacers over 1/4 inch in thickness are used to increase wheel track.

   (2)  Inspect the steering system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Steering gear box is loose on frame.

     (ii)   Measured movement at the front or rear of a tire is greater than 1/4-inch. Eliminate all wheel bearing movement by applying the service brake; then, with the vehicle raised and wheels in the straight ahead position, grasp the front and rear of the tire and attempt to move the assembly right and left without moving the steering gear. Measure the movement.

     (iii)   The linkage components are not secured with cotter pins or other suitable devices.

     (iv)   The steering stops allow the tire to rub on the frame or chassis parts.

     (v)   The front wheels are incapable of being turned to the right and left steering stops without binding or interference.

   (3)  Inspect the suspension system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The ball joint movement is in excess of the manufacturer’s specifications.

     (ii)   The shock absorbers are missing.

     (iii)   The shock absorbers mounting bolts or mounts are broken.

     (iv)   The shock absorbers have severe leakage—not slight dampness.

     (v)   The sway or stabilizer bar is missing or broken.

     (vi)   The coil spring or main leaf spring is broken if originally equipped.

     (vii)   The spring attaching part is loose, badly worn, broken or missing.

     (viii)   Spring shackle kits or blocks are used to lower the suspension of the front of the vehicle.

     (ix)   Spring shackle kits are more than 2 inches over original equipment.

     (x)   Blocks are used on front axle to raise the vehicle.

     (xi)   Blocks used on rear axle exceed 5 inches over original equipment.

   (4)  Inspect the floor and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The floor bed or inner panels have openings which would allow exhaust gases to enter either the occupant compartment or trunk.

     (ii)   The floor bed is not sufficient to hold the weight of the driver, passengers and cargo.

   (5)  Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.

     (ii)   The repairs are made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or are made in another temporary manner.

     (iii)   The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted or broken or are in deteriorated or dangerous condition.

     (iv)   Body mounts do not hold as required.

     (v)   A body mount is broken, cracked, deteriorated or missing.

     (vi)   The difference in the body floor and the top of the frame rail exceeds 4 inches.

   (6)  Inspect exhaust system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle has no muffler or muffler has external repair.

     (ii)   There are loose or leaking joints.

     (iii)   There are holes, cracks or leaking seams in exhaust system.

     (iv)   There is a muffler cutout or similar device.

     (v)   Part of the exhaust system passes through the occupant compartment.

     (vi)   The elements are not securely fastened with proper clamps and hangers.

     (vii)   The exposed exhaust system does not have adequate heat shield or protective system.

     (viii)   The exhaust does not discharge to the outside edge of the vehicle body, including a truck bed, or as originally designed.

   (7)  Inspect the braking system. Remove at least one front and one opposite rear wheel and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The hydraulic hoses or tubing leaks; is flattened, restricted, insecurely fastened or improperly retained; or has exposed cords.

     (ii)   The wheel cylinder leaks, has missing parts, is improperly retained or is not functioning.

     (iii)   The caliper leaks, has missing parts, is improperly retained or is not functioning.

     (iv)   The lining is broken; not firmly attached to shoe; or contaminated with oil, grease or another substance that would affect proper brake operation.

     (v)   There is mechanical damage other than wear.

     (vi)   The inside diameter of the drum is greater than maximum diameter stamped on drum or greater than .090 inch over original drum diameter for unmarked drums.

     (vii)   The disc thickness is less than minimum stamped on assembly or less than manufacturer’s specifications.

     (viii)   The bonded linings are less than 2/32 inch at the thinnest point.

     (ix)   The riveted linings are less than 1/32 inch above rivet head at thinnest point.

     (x)   The drums or rotors are scored deeper than .015 inch.

   (8)  Inspect the fuel system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is fuel leakage.

     (ii)   Part of the system is not securely fastened.

     (iii)   The system is not properly routed.

 (f)  Road test. Perform road test and reject if one or more of the following apply:

   (1)  The parking brake fails to exhibit normal resistance when an attempt is made to move the vehicle both forward and backward from a stopped position.

   (2)  The automatic transmission will not hold in the park position.

   (3)  The vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance) or swerves so that any part leaves the 12-foot lane.

   (4)  There is a malfunction of the braking or steering mechanism, particular shimmy, wander, pull or another questionable operating behavior that affects safe operation of the vehicle.

   (5)  The speedometer does not operate.

   (6)  The odometer does not operate, except on a motor vehicle at least 25 years old.

   (7)  The vehicle cannot be driven both forward and backward.

   The provisions of this §  175.80 amended under Vehicle Code,

   The provisions of this §  175.80 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; delayed February 11, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 708 except subsection (d)(1)(ix), effectiveness of which has been indefinitely postponed until further notice, to the extent that these portions of the regulations prohibit placement of oversize tires that remain within the body line of vehicles and require the rejection of inspected vehicles equipped with these tires; amended December 30, 1983, effective December 31, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 4023; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. The effective date of the following provisions are postponed indefinitely: subsection (a)(5)(v) and (8)(iii) and (iv); and subsection (b)(7)(iv); amended November 26, 2003, effective November 29, 2003, 33 Pa.B. 5823. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (255491) to (255492), (250355) to (250362) and (261439).

   The testimony of two licensed inspection mechanics on reinspection of a vehicle that at least one of a vehicle’s shock absorbers was broken and that the condition existed at the time of the original inspection was substantial evidence upon which revocation of a certificate could be based. Kot v. Department of Transportation, 562 A.2d 1019 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989); appeal denied 575 A.2d 117 (Pa. 1990).

   Department acted properly in suspending certifications of inspection station and of inspection mechanic where mechanic accepted an affidavit of lost or stolen registration in lieu of the registration card or title which under 75 Pa.C.S. §  4727(a) and subsection (a), must be examined. Smith v. Department of Transportation, 502 A.2d 791 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1986).

   A mechanic’s actions in driving vehicles without a valid driver’s license during an inspection is within the scope of his employment because subsection (e) of this section requires a road test to be performed with every inspection. Department of Transportation v. Stahl, 460 A.2d 1223 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983).

   Headlamps

   The facts sufficed to give the police officer reasonable suspicion that the motorist’s car violated the Motor Vehicle Code’s directive that all vehicles must conform to the Department of Transportation’s regulations, which limit to 4 inches the distance a headlight may deviate from center, where the evidence established, among other things, the motorist’s headlights were askew approximately six inches, a deviation first noticed by the officer from about a football field’s length away and confirmed when he slowly drove by the motorist at close range. Commonwealth v. Hynes, 730 A.2d 960 (Pa. Super. 1999).

   The provisions of this §  175.83 adopted December 2, 1978, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended December 8, 1978, effective December 9, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 3495; amended July 31, 1981, effective August 1, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 2686; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (63705), (56862) to (56865), (63711) to (63712) and (73471).

Subchapter F. MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS AND BUSES

Sec.

 Equipment standards in this subchapter apply to medium and heavy trucks, buses and school buses driven on highways.

   The provisions of this §  175.91 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 Every suspension component shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (a)  Condition of steering components. The steering assembly and steering mechanism shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Steering wheel. The steering wheel, except if specially designed for handicapped drivers, shall be equivalent to original equipment in material strength and have a minimum outside diameter of 13 inches.

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Service brakes. Every medium and heavy truck, bus and school bus shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).

   (1)  The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application except for the following:

     (i)   On interconnected dual wheels, the brakes may act upon only one wheel.

     (ii)   A motor vehicle being towed in driveaway-towaway operation.

     (iii)   The steering axle of a truck or truck-tractor having three or more axles was manufactured before July 25, 1980. The steering axle of truck or truck-tractor having three or more axles manufactured between July 24, 1980 and October 27, 1986 shall be equipped with functioning service brakes not later than February 26, 1988.

   (2)  Service brakes, when required, shall be capable of stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance).

   (3)  Surge or inertia type brake systems are authorized.

   (4)  The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of a type approved by the vehicle manufacturer or shall meet the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards (J998, January 1980)—see Appendix A (relating to minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake linings—SAE J998).

   (5)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter manufactured or assembled after June 30, 1967 and designated as a 1968 or later model shall be equipped with a service brake system of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of an actuating force component, the unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying an adequate braking force to the vehicle.

   (6)  Metal from the shoe may not contact the brake drums or rotors.

   (7)  If a vehicle has air brakes, warning signal devices or gauges, it shall be maintained in proper operating condition, as described in §  175.110.

   (8)  A vehicle to which additional axles and wheels have been added shall be equipped with brakes on all additional wheels.

   (9)  An air chamber push rod travel may not exceed the manufacturer’s specifications’ maximum stroke allowance. See Chart 4 (relating to brake chamber push rod travel (typical)) for a drawing of the air chamber push rod.

   (10)  Brake lines shall be approved for use as brake lines.

 (c)  Parking brake system. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a parking brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502.

   (1)  The parking brake system shall be adequate to hold the vehicle on a surface free from ice or snow on a 20% grade with the vehicle in neutral.

   (2)  The parking brakes shall be separately actuated so that failure of any part of the service brake actuation system does not diminish the vehicle’s parking brake holding capability.

   The provisions of this §  175.94 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Tire standards. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have tires manufactured in conformance with standards contained in Chapter 159 (relating to new pneumatic tires). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4525 (relating to tire equipment and traction surfaces). Tires with equivalent metric size designations may be used.

 (c)  Radial ply tires. A radial ply tire may not be used on the same axle with a bias or belted tire.

 (d)  Different types of tires. Tires of different types and sizes, such as one snow tire and one regular tire or bias, belted or radial tires, may not be used on the same axle except in an emergency.

 (e)  Nonpneumatic tires. A vehicle specified under this chapter operated on highways may not be equipped with nonpneumatic tires, except an antique vehicle with nonpneumatic tires if originally equipped by the manufacturer.

 (f)  Ice grips or studs. A tire may not be equipped with ice grips or tire studs of wear-resisting material which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.

 (g)  Tires and rims. The axles of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with the number and type of tires and rims with a load rating equal to or higher than those offered by the manufacturer.

 (h)  Exceptions. Subsection (b), insofar as it requires tires to conform to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications as to tire size, and subsection (g) are not applicable if the Department has issued a permit under 75 Pa.C.S. §  4969 (relating to permit for movement of vehicles with oversize wheels and tires) authorizing the vehicle to be operated with oversize wheels and tires.

   The provisions of this §  175.95 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Lighting standards. Lamps shall comply with vehicle lighting equipment requirements of this title. See Appendix A and Tables II—IV of Chapter 153 (relating to lamps, reflective devices and associated equipment); and 75 Pa.C.S. §  4301 (relating to promulgation of regulations by department).

 (c)  Headlamp system. A vehicle specified under this subchapter driven on a highway shall have two- or four-headlamp system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(a) (relating to general lighting requirements).

   (1)  Both lamps in a two-headlamp system shall be of Type II construction consisting of a high beam and low beam. One lamp shall be located on each side of the front of the motor vehicle.

   (2)  In the four-headlamp system, two lamps shall be of Type II construction and two lamps shall be of Type I construction. A Type I lamp consists of a high beam only. One of each type shall be located on each side of the front of the motor vehicle.

   (3)  The headlamp low beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 7,500.

   (4)  The headlamp high beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 10,000.

   (5)  Every headlamp shall be aimed to comply with inspection procedure of this subchapter.

   (6)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a manual dimmer switch conveniently located for use by the driver while in a normal operating position. An automatic dimming device may be used in addition to a manual switch.

   (7)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a beam indicator, which shall be lighted whenever the high beam of light from the headlamp is in use, and shall not otherwise be lighted. The indicator shall be located so that, when lighted, it is readily visible without glare to the operator of the vehicle.

 (d)  Total candlepower. Total candlepower for headlamps and auxiliary lamps shall not exceed 150,000.

 (e)  Other required lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have at least one red stop lamp on each side of the rear of the vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of the service brake.

 (f)  Illumination except headlamps, fog lamps and auxiliary driving lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with parking lamps, stop lamps, tail lamps, turn signal lamps and hazard warning lamps designed for that specific function which, under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b)—(d).

   (1)  Stop lamps, turn signals and hazard warning lamps shall be visible at a distance of 100 feet during normal sunlight.

   (2)  Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in operation.

   (3)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with hazard warning lamps, unless these lamps were not included as original equipment.

   (4)  The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

 (g)  Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of a color not contrary to Tables II—IV; and may not be obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or a device so as to obscure, change the color of or obstruct the beam.

 (h)  Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section, and not located as described in Tables III—V of this chapter, is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is prohibited except on taxicabs, ambulances and trucks. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or revolving lights are in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

 (i)  [Reserved].

 (j)  Back-up lamps. Back-up lamps are not permitted to be lighted when the vehicle is in forward motion. Back-up lamps shall turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward. If the lamps do not turn off automatically, a dash indicator that lights or creates audible warning is required.

 (k)  Registration plate lamp. If the vehicle was originally so equipped, the registration plate lamp shall emit white light and make the registration plate visible from a distance of 50 feet to the rear of the vehicle. This requirement does not apply to a vehicle which has the registration plate mounted on the front of the vehicle.

 (l)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps. Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps may be installed on a medium or heavy truck and bus if the lamps comply with the following:

   (1)  Auxiliary driving lamps shall not be substituted for headlamps. Auxiliary driving lamps may only be used with high headlamps beams.

   (2)  Fog lamps are not permitted to be substituted for headlamps.

   (3)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be mounted on the front, spaced at least 20 inches apart from center to center and at a height not more than 42 inches above the level surface upon which the vehicle stands, nor lower than the lowest chassis part. Rear fog lamps, if originally installed or offered as optional equipment are acceptable.

   (4)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be aimed when the vehicle and lamp assembly are in the straight ahead position with the beam not above the horizontal centerline of the lamp at 25 feet.

   (5)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter may have only one pair of approved auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps.

   (6)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall not be placed in front of a required lamp.

   (7)  Auxiliary driving lamps shall not be used on snowplows as a substitute for headlamps obscured by blade. A substitute for headlamps used on these vehicles shall be complete, approved headlamps having both high and low beams.

   (8)  Snowplow lamps shall be installed as follows:

     (i)   These lamps shall be wired through a double throw switch so that both sets of lights will not operate at same time.

     (ii)   Snowplow lamps shall be aimed so that the high intensity beam does not project to the left of the extreme left side of the vehicle, nor higher than the center of the lamp at a distance of 25 feet in front of vehicle. In no case shall the high intensity portion of a beam be higher than 42 inches above the level upon which vehicle stands at a distance of 75 feet ahead. The lamps shall be spaced at a distance of not less than 20 inches apart and shall be symmetrically located on each side of the vehicle centerline.

   (9)  In accordance with 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(f), roof or roll bar mounted off-road lights may be installed if they are not used on a highway or trafficway and are covered with an opaque covering at all times while operating on the highway or trafficway. Vehicles equipped with roof or roll bar mounted off-road lights shall have a switch that indicates to the driver, through the use of a pilot light, that the lights are on when so switched.

   (10)  White or clear cargo lamps are permitted if available as original equipment or installed in a manner which expressly illuminates the cargo area of a truck or bus.

 (m)  Antique vehicle lighting exemption. An antique vehicle, if operated exclusively between the hours of sunrise to sunset and not during periods of reduced visibility or insufficient illumination, is exempt from the requirements of this section, except requirements pertaining to stop lamps.

 (n)  Battery fastening. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a system specifically designed for the secure fastening of the battery.

   The provisions of this §  175.96 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of glazing. Glazing shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4526 (relating to safety glass).

 (b)  Safety glazing.

   (1)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with safety glazing in all windshields, windows and wings. Requirements of this subsection do not apply to a vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if the original glazing is not cracked or discolored.

   (2)  Rigid plastic glazing may be used in doors and windows of buses except windshields and windows to the immediate right or left of the driver.

 (c)  Stickers.

   (1)  Truck weight classification stickers—trucks only—shall be affixed to the lower left-hand corner of the windshield to the immediate right of the certificate of inspection.

   (2)  The following stickers are authorized to be affixed to the windshield or windows as indicated:

     (i)   Out-of-State inspection stickers, school bus stickers, tax stamps, road use permits or other government-related permits—municipalities and states—may be placed at the lower left- or right-hand corner of the windshield.

     (ii)   A Delaware River Port Authority Bridge Travel Permit may be affixed to the left rear window. This permit is 2 1/4 inches by 4 1/4 inches and is an automatic triggering device for passing vehicles through toll gates on bridges.

     (iii)   The suggested manufacturer’s retail price sheet may be affixed to a new vehicle of a dealer. These labels are permitted only on the lower portion of a side window, as far to the rear of the vehicle as possible. When the vehicle is sold, this label shall be removed.

 (d)  Obstructions. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have glazing free from obstructions as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

   (1)  With the exception of materials in paragraph (3), signs, posters or other materials, whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, may not be placed on the windshield or a side wing or a side window so as to obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, these restrictions do not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window.

   (2)  The requirements of this subsection also apply to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

   (3)  A sun screening device or other material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside of the vehicle is prohibited unless otherwise permitted by FMVSS No. 205, or a certificate of exemption has been issued in compliance with §  175.265 (relating to exemption provisions). See Table X for specific requirements for vehicles subject to this subchapter.

   The provisions of this §  175.97 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.97 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (132893) to (132894).

 (a)  Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Rearview mirrors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with at least one rearview mirror or similar device which provides the driver an unobstructed view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance of not less than 200 feet. A mirror may not be cracked, broken or discolored.

 (c)  Obstruction. On a vehicle specified under this subchapter, the rearview mirror shall be free from obstructions as described in §  175.110.

   (1)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter having a sign or load or another material which obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway shall have two outside rearview mirrors, one on the driver’s side and one on the passenger side, each with a minimum reflective surface as follows:

   (2)  Rear window louvers are permitted only if the vehicle has at least two outside rearview mirrors, one on the driver’s side and one on the passenger’s side, each with a minimum reflective surface of 19.5 square inches. This paragraph does not apply to school buses.

   (3)  Rearview mirrors, each with a minimum reflective surface of 19.5 square inches, shall be installed on both sides of a vehicle for which a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued. A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (4)  An object or material may not be hung from the rearview mirror and an object or material may not be hung, placed or attached in a position that materially obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s vision through the windshield or in a manner that constitutes a safety hazard.

   (5)  This subsection also applies to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

 (d)  Motor homes. A motor home shall be free from obstructions as described in this subchapter.

   (1)  A vehicle manufactured as or permanently converted into a motor home with a GVW of 11,001 pounds or more may have windows, approved glass only, transparent screens and roll-up shades or curtains installed if the shades and curtains are securely fastened in completely opened position, to avoid covering a portion of a window, while the vehicle is being operated on the highway. Venetian blinds may not cover a window while the vehicle is operated on a highway.

   (2)  If a window is covered for installation of wardrobe, cupboard or other convenience, it shall be factory installed or otherwise permanently installed optional equipment or facsimile only. Two outside mirrors shall be installed to afford the operator clear view 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

   The provisions of this §  175.98 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.98 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221259) to (221260).

 The windshield defroster system shall be in safe operating condition.

 The windshield washer system shall be installed and in safe operating condition on medium and heavy trucks and buses manufactured after 1968.

 (a)  Condition of windshield wipers. The wiper system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Cleaning. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a wiper system, capable of cleaning rain, snow and other moisture from the windshield and constructed so as to be operated by a switch conveniently located for use by the driver while in normal operating position.

   (1)  Wipers shall operate as required by the manufacturer, or a minimum of 45 cycles per minute if not specified.

   (2)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter originally equipped with two wiper blades and two wiper arms—driver and passenger side—shall have them in place and in good working order.

 (a)  Condition of fuel systems. All components in a fuel system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fuel system requirements. Fuel system components shall be leakproof and shall be fastened securely to the vehicle with fasteners designed for that purpose.

 (c)  Accelerator operation. An accelerator control system shall return the engine throttle to the idle position when the operator removes the actuating force from accelerator control.

 (d)  Filler cap. A fuel system shall be equipped with a filler cap.

 (e)  Alternate fuel systems. See Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have an operating speedometer calibrated to indicate miles per hour or kilometers per hour.

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have an operating odometer calibrated to indicate total miles or kilometers driven, except a motor vehicle at least 25 years old or a vehicle over 17,000 pounds registered gross weight.

 (a)  Condition of exhaust system. All components of the exhaust system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Exhaust system requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be constructed, equipped, maintained and operated to prevent engine exhaust gases from penetrating and collecting in any part of the vehicle occupied by the driver or a passenger, in addition to the requirements of this title for emission control systems and smoke control for a diesel-powered vehicle.

   (1)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. A muffler or exhaust system may not be equipped with a cutout, bypass or similar device, and a muffler may not show evidence of external repair.

   (2)  The exhaust system of a vehicle may not be modified in a manner which will amplify or increase noise emitted by the motor of a vehicle above the maximum level permitted by Chapter 157 (relating to established sound levels).

   (3)  Headers and side exhaust are permitted if the vehicle meets the requirements of this section.

   (4)  An exposed exhaust system shall be equipped with an adequate heat shield or protective system.

   (5)  An exhaust system shall extend and discharge completely to the outside edge of the vehicle body, including a truck bed, or as originally designed, except for the following:

     (i)   Heavy trucks or truck tractors. The exhaust system of every heavy truck and truck tractor shall discharge to the atmosphere at a location to the rear of the cab or, if the exhaust projects above the cab, at a location near the rear of the cab.

     (ii)   Gasoline powered buses, including school buses. The exhaust system of a bus powered by a gasoline engine shall discharge to the atmosphere at or within 6 inches forward of the rearmost part of the bus. Until June 15, 1998, the tailpipe of school buses may extend to, but not beyond the body limits on the left side of the school bus within 60 inches of the left rear wheel as measured from the center of the wheel axis.

     (iii)   Buses, including school buses, powered by fuels other than gasoline. The exhaust system of a bus using fuels other than gasoline shall discharge to the atmosphere either at or within 15 inches forward of the rearmost part of the vehicle; or to the rear of all doors or windows designed to be opened, except windows designed to be opened solely as emergency exits. Until June 15, 1998, the tailpipe of school buses may extend to, but not beyond the body limits on the left side of the school bus within 60 inches of the left rear wheel as measured from the center of the wheel axis.

 (c)  Exemption. A firefighting vehicle is exempt from this section.

   The provisions of this §  175.105 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of horns and warning devices. Components of a horn or warning device shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Horn and warning device requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have a horn or other warning device which is audible under normal conditions at a distance of not less than 200 feet. No vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or similar device emitting an unreasonably loud or harsh sound, except emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an antitheft device.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fenders. The wheels of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with fenders of a type used as original equipment. A tire may not come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle, at any time.

 (c)  Hood and hood latches. The entire motor compartment of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be covered by a hood. The hood shall be equipped with a double latch system to hold it in the closed position if the hood was originally so equipped.

 (d)  Protruding objects. Torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts may not protrude from the body of vehicle.

 (e)  Fender flares. A vehicle may be equipped with fender flares not to exceed 3 inches.

 (f)  Doors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with doors of a type used as original equipment. The doors shall open and close securely unless the vehicle has been manufactured or modified to the extent that there is no roof or side. Tailgates, except on vehicles where the tailgate gives access to the passenger compartment, may be replaced with wood planking, nets or other material that will prevent loss of load. Tailgates may be removed when optional equipment, for example a truck camper, is added.

   The provisions of this §  175.107 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.110 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Vehicle frame. A vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.

 (c)  Motor mounts. The motor mounts may not be broken, cracked or missing.

 (d)  Flooring and floor beds. Flooring and floor beds shall be of a construction to support occupants and cargo which the vehicle is capable of carrying, and shall not have openings through which exhaust gases could enter passenger compartment.

 (e)  Front bumper. Every vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with front bumper or a suitable replacement which is equal to or greater in strength than that provided by the vehicle manufacturer, securely attached to chassis or frame. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4536 (relating to bumpers).

   (1)  A bumper shall be of at least equivalent strength and mounting as the original equipment.

   (2)  No portion of bumper shall be broken, torn or protruding as to create a hazard.

   (3)  No bumper shall extend beyond the body line or be longer than the original equipment, whichever is greater.

   (4)  A wood plank bumper is permitted on a road service truck or wrecker, if firmly attached to a regular bumper or equivalent steel backing.

   (5)  Some part of the horizontal bumper bar shall fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.

 (f)  Rear protection device. A vehicle specified under this subchapter, except truck tractors, whose body or chassis has a rear end clearance of more than 30 inches from the ground when empty, shall be equipped with a rear bumper or rear end protection device as follows:

   (1)  The rear bumper or rear end protection device shall be:

     (i)   Within 30 inches of ground when the vehicle is empty.

     (ii)   Within 24 inches of another rear bumper or rear end protection device, if more than one rear bumper or rear end protection device is used.

     (iii)   Within 18 inches—transverse distance—of the widest part of the rear of the vehicle.

     (iv)   Within 24 inches of the extreme rear of the vehicle.

     (v)   Substantially constructed and firmly attached.

   (2)  Vehicles constructed and maintained so that the body, chassis or other parts of the vehicle afford the rear end protection described in paragraph (1) will be deemed to be in compliance with this subsection.

   (3)  No bumper shall extend beyond the body or line or be longer than original equipment, whichever is greater.

   (4)  A wood plank bumper is permitted on a road service truck or wrecker if firmly attached to a regular bumper or equivalent steel backing.

   (5)  Some part of the horizontal bumper bar shall fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.

 (g)  Fenders and flaps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with fenders which provide at least as much coverage of the wheel as original equipment. Wheels shall be sufficiently covered with fenders or flaps to prevent loose objects, rain, snow and the like from being thrown about in a manner which may interfere with other persons using the highways.

 (h)  Rear wheel shields. A vehicle specified under this subchapter, except a truck-tractor while towing a trailer, shall be constructed or equipped to bar water or other road surface substances thrown from the rear wheels of the vehicle or combination at tangents exceeding 22.5°, measured from the road surface, from passing in a straight line to the rear of the vehicle or combination. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4533 (relating to rear wheel shields).

 (i)  [Reserved].

 (j)  Seats. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with an operator seat which is firmly anchored to frame or support.

   (1)  No metal spring shall protrude from driver’s seat.

   (2)  A seat adjusting mechanism shall not move from set position when so adjusted.

 (k)  Safety belts. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with safety belts, of a type used as original equipment, securely attached to frame or structure. If attached to sheet metal, they shall have backing plates.

   (1)  Safety belt webbing may not be frayed.

   (2)  Belt buckles shall operate properly.

 (l)  Body mounts. Body mounts may not be broken, cracked, deteriorated or missing.

   The provisions of this §  175.108 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin:

       (A)   The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.

     (ii)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration card:

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate, except truck-tractors.

     (iii)   Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter, financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:

       (A)   A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code (relating to insurance).

       (B)   The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.

       (C)   A valid self-insurance identification card.

       (D)   A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

       (E)   A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

   (2)  Check the glazing.

     (i)   Reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   Approved safety glazing is not used in every windshield, window or wing.

       (B)   A sign, poster or other material whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, this restriction does not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of vehicles subject to this subchapter.

       (C)   A vehicle displays a sticker other than those prescribed under §  175.97(c)(relating to glazing), or displays a parking sticker in a location described in §  175.97(d).

       (D)   The glass is shattered, broken or has any exposed sharp edges.

       (E)   The windshield is removed.

       (F)   There are defects in an acute area of the windshield—center of the critical area on the driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision—8 1/2 inches wide and 5 1/2 inches high—or discolorations or hazardous cracks to the front, right, left or rear of the driver which would interfere with the driver’s vision.

       (G)   Glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification, are on windshield or front side windows.

       (H)   Glass etchings extend more than 3 1/2 inches from lowest exposed portion of rear window, rear side windows or rear wings.

     (ii)   This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a product or material along the top edge of the windshield as long as the product or material is transparent and does not encroach upon the AS-1 portion of the windshield as provided by FMVSS No. 205, and the product or material is not more than 3 inches from the top of the windshield.

   (3)  Check the windshield wiper system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The wipers do not operate as specified by the manufacturer, or 45 cycles per minute if not specified.

     (ii)   The wiper blades are torn or smear or streak the windshield after five cycles.

     (iii)   There is only one wiper, where two are required.

     (iv)   Wipers do not return to the rest position.

     (v)   The windshield washers, if originally so equipped, do not operate.

   (4)  Check the door operation, including tailgate, and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The doors are not on the vehicle if originally fitted by manufacturer.

     (ii)   The doors, including the tailgate, if so equipped, do not open and close securely.

     (iii)   Tailgate or equivalent is not on the vehicle, unless removed for the addition of optional equipment that is present at the time of the inspection.

   (5)  Check the outside mirrors and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A required mirror is cracked, broken, missing or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   The vehicle does not have a mirror where required for the driver’s side and one on the opposite side, each with a minimum reflective surface as follows:

     (iv)   Outside rearview mirrors, with a minimum reflective surface as described in §  175.98 (relating to mirrors), are not installed on both sides of the vehicle if a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued by the Department. See §  175.264 (relating to mirrors). A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (6)  Check the fenders, hood and trunk lid and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   Any fender, front or rear, has been removed.

     (ii)   The fenders are not of a type and size used as original equipment.

     (iii)   The hood does not cover the entire motor compartment or cannot be fully closed.

     (iv)   The trunk lid does not close.

     (v)   The fender flares exceed 3 inches in width.

   (7)  Check the flooring and floor beds and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   They are not in a condition to support the occupants and cargo.

     (ii)   The floor pan is rusted through so as to cause a hazard to occupants or to permit exhaust gases to enter passenger compartment.

     (iii)   Not equipped with rear wheel shields—mudflaps—as required under 75 Pa.C.S. §  4533 (relating to rear wheel shields).

     (iv)   The lamps or wiring are attached to any guard or flap.

     (v)   A flap or guard does not consist of suitable metal protectors or substantial flexible flaps which are strong enough to prevent stones or objects from being thrown through them.

     (vi)   On buses, reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   The step well or floor on the bus is cluttered or worn to present tripping hazard.

       (B)   The guard rails or grab rails on the bus are loose or fastening parts are missing.

       (C)   The service doors on a bus, bind, jam or malfunction, preventing proper operation.

       (D)   The emergency exit is not easily accessible.

       (E)   The inside or outside quick release mechanism on emergency doors or windows on the bus fails to function positively or opens accidently or too easily.

   (8)  Check the bumpers and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The bumpers are not on the vehicle if required as original equipment.

     (ii)   The bumpers are not firmly attached to the frame or chassis.

     (iii)   Some part of the horizontal bumper bar on medium and heavy trucks and buses does not fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.

     (iv)   A broken or torn portion is protruding so as to create a hazard.

     (v)   The bumper extends beyond the body line or is longer than originally equipped, whichever is greater.

   (9)  Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except ornamental lights.

     (ii)   The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

     (iii)   The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate the right or left or hold in position when so switched or do not self-cancel if originally designed to do so.

     (iv)   The back-up lamp does not turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward, there is no indicator on dash that lights or there is no audible warning signal.

     (v)   The lamp shows a color contrary to the lighting chart.

     (vi)   The lamp or filament indicated at the switch position does not light when the correct switch indicates the lamp should be on.

     (vii)   The lamp has a missing or broken lens.

     (viii)   A required lamp is missing.

     (ix)   The auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or in front of a lamp.

     (x)   The fog lamps operate with the high beams of headlamps.

     (xi)   The auxiliary driving lamps operate with the low beam of a standard headlamp system or alone.

     (xii)   The headlamps are out of adjustment as follows:

       (A)   Mechanical aimer:

         (I)   The horizontal aim is more than 4 inches to the left or right.

         (II)   The vertical aim is higher or lower than 4 inches from the center.

       (B)   Screen or photo electric type tester. (See Charts 1—3 (relating to headlight aiming screen distance and marking identification; high beam inspection limits; and low beam inspection limits):

         (I)   Turn the lamps on high beam and reject if the center of the beam is horizontally more than 4 inches to the right or left of straight ahead or if the center of the light beam is vertically more than 4 inches above or below horizontal line.

         (II)   Turn the lamps on low beam and reject if the upper edge of the beam is more than 4 inches above or below horizontal center line of headlamp or if inner edge of beam is more than 4 inches to right or left of vertical line.

   (10)  Check for protruding metal and reject if torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from the surface of the vehicle so as to create a hazard.

   (11)  Check the fuel tank cap and reject if the fuel tank filler cap is missing.

   (12)  Check the shock absorbers and reject if the vehicle continues a free rocking motion greater than three cycles after release, indicating loss of the shock absorber function.

   (13)  Inspect the fifth wheel completely and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The lower half of the fifth wheel is not securely affixed by U-bolts or by other secure means.

     (ii)   The lower half of the fifth wheel is cracked, loose or missing or has inoperative locking devices.

 (b)  Internal inspection. An internal inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check the steering column completely and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Freeplay exceeds the following allowances:

     (ii)   The gear box is loose on the frame.

     (iii)   The energy-absorbing column is defective.

     (iv)   The steering wheel, except one specially designed for a handicapped driver, is not circular or equivalent in strength to original equipment or has an outside diameter of less than 13 inches.

     (v)   The front wheels cannot be turned to the full right or left position without binding or interference.

     (vi)   The flexible steering coupler—rag joint—is badly misaligned—twisted or out of alignment between attaching collars.

     (vii)   The U-bolts, or positioning parts, are absent or loose. Some steering column systems are designed to permit some movement.

     (viii)   The steering wheel is not properly secured.

   (2)  Check the high beam and turn signal indicator lights and reject if indicator lights are not working.

   (3)  Check the horn and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is no horn or other acceptable audible warning device.

     (ii)   The horn or other warning device is not audible under normal conditions for a distance of not less than 200 feet.

     (iii)   The vehicle is equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or a device emitting a harsh or unreasonably loud sound, except on emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an antitheft device.

   (4)  Check the brake pedal and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The brake pedal travel exceeds 80% of total available travel.

     (ii)   The brake pedal fades while vehicle is stopped.

     (iii)   There is excessive friction in the pedal linkage or components, if the pedal levers are misaligned or improperly positioned, or if the pedal pad is missing.

     (iv)   The low-vacuum indicator fails to activate at a reading of 8 inches Hg (mercury).

     (v)   Any brake warning system is not working.

     (vi)   Air brakes, if any of the following apply:

       (A)   With the engine stopped and brakes not applied, the gauge indicates a loss of more than 3 pounds per minute.

       (B)   With the engine running, the gauge indicates a loss of more than 4 pounds per minute after the full brake application for 2 minutes.

       (C)   With the engine running at fast idle, the time to raise the pressure to cutout exceeds 5 minutes.

       (D)   A warning device—audible or visible—does not operate at all pressures at and below 60 psi pressure.

   (5)  Check the parking brake operation and reject if the pedal or lever reaches its limit of travel before the parking brakes are set.

   (6)  Check the seat and safety belts if the vehicle is so equipped and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The driver’s seat or back rest is not firmly attached.

     (ii)   The metal spring protrudes from the driver’s seat.

     (iii)   The seat adjusting mechanism slips out of a set position.

     (iv)   There is no safety belt for each seating location, if the vehicle was originally so equipped, or if seats have been added.

     (v)   The safety belt webbing is frayed.

     (vi)   The belt buckles do not operate properly.

     (vii)   The belt anchorages are broken.

   (7)  Check the inside mirror and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   An object or material is hung from or blocking inside mirror.

     (iv)   Mirror is missing, unless the vehicle is equipped with outside mirror, except on school buses.

   (8)  Check front windshield defroster system, if so equipped, and reject if the defroster fan does not function.

 (c)  Under the hood inspection. An under the hood inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check the hood and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The latch does not hold securely in fully closed position.

     (ii)   The latch release mechanism or its parts are broken, missing or so poorly adjusted so that hood cannot be closed properly.

     (iii)   The double latch mechanism is not operating as originally equipped.

   (2)  Check the motor mounts, either here or during beneath vehicle inspection, and reject if the motor mounts are broken, cracked or missing.

   (3)  Check the air pressure and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The air pressure relief valve does not operate.

     (ii)   The compressor drive belts are worn, loose or frayed so as to prevent proper operation of the compressor.

     (iii)   Air intake cleaner is clogged so as to prevent proper air intake.

     (iv)   The air compressor has loose mounting bolts.

     (v)   The air compressor has a cracked, broken or loose pulley.

   (4)  Check the fuel systems and controls.

     (i)   Reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   There is liquid fuel leakage at any point in system.

       (B)   Part of fuel line is not securely fastened.

       (C)   A fuel tank or line was not specifically designed or manufactured as fuel tank or line.

       (D)   A fuel line is in contact with high temperature surfaces or moving parts.

       (E)   The fuel tank or line intrudes into a driver, passenger or cargo compartment, except if the vehicle was originally so equipped.

       (F)   The throttle does not return to the idle position when the actuating force is removed.

       (G)   The firewall has holes or cracks which would permit fumes to enter the driver and passenger compartments.

     (ii)   If the vehicle is equipped with an alternate fuel system, see Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

   (5)  Check the exhaust system and reject if there is an exhaust leak.

   (6)  Check the brake system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The master cylinder leaks.

     (ii)   The power brake lines or hydraulic hoses or lines leak or are disconnected, flattened or restricted.

     (iii)   The hydraulic booster for the power brake system is leaking or inoperative or has excessively worn belts that would prevent proper operation of the pump.

     (iv)   The brake hoses seep or swell under application of pressure.

     (v)   The connecting hoses are improperly joined; for example, a splice made by sliding the hose ends over a piece of tubing and clamping the hose to the tube.

   (7)  Check the battery and reject if the battery is not securely fastened with a device specifically designed for that function.

   (8)  Check steering gear box and reject if loose on frame.

 (d)  Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A tire has two adjacent treads with less than 2/32-inch tread remaining at any point—less than 4/32-inch tread on the front tires of vehicles having gross weight in excess of 10,000 pounds.

     (ii)   The tire is worn so that tread wear indicators contact the road in any two adjacent grooves.

     (iii)   Part of the ply or cord is exposed.

     (iv)   A tire has been repaired with a blow-out patch or boot.

     (v)   There is a bump, bulge or separation.

     (vi)   A tire is marked ‘‘not for highway use,’’ ‘‘for racing purposes only’’ or ‘‘unsafe for highway use,’’ or has a similar designation. This subparagraph is not applicable if the Department has issued a permit under 75 Pa.C.S. §  4969 (relating to permit for movement of vehicles with oversize wheels and tires) authorizing the vehicle to be operated with oversize wheels and tires.

     (vii)   There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render tire unsafe for highway use.

     (viii)   The front tire on a bus is retreaded or recapped.

     (ix)   A front tire has been regrooved.

     (x)   A tire has been regrooved or recut below the original tread design depth, except a tire which is identified as having extra undertread rubber.

     (xi)   The diameter of one of the duals is not within 3/8 inch of other.

     (xii)   A tire’s tread extends beyond the outer edge of the wheel housing, inclusive of fender flares, or exceeds the manufacturer’s specifications as to size.

     (xiii)   The tires used on same axle are not the same size or type of construction—bias, belted, radial or snow.

     (xiv)   The wheel nuts or bolts are missing or loose or have improper thread engagement.

     (xv)   The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.

     (xvi)   Part of wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.

     (xvii)   The rear wheel does not track the front wheel in the straight ahead position as originally designed.

     (xviii)   The wheel base on one side differs from the wheel base on other side by more than 1 inch, unless the vehicle’s design specifications indicate different left and right wheel base dimensions.

     (xix)   Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.

     (xx)   Any axle has missing tires or rims.

     (xxi)   A tire makes contact with the body or chassis.

   (2)  Inspect the steering system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Movement at the front or rear of a tire is greater than 1/4 inch on wheels 16 inches or under, greater than 3/8 inch on wheels 17 inches or 18 inches, or greater than 1/2 inch on wheels over 18 inches. Make sure any looseness detected is not wheel bearing free play.

     (ii)   The linkage components are not secured with cotter pins or other suitable devices.

     (iii)   The steering stops allow the tire to rub on the frame or the chassis parts.

     (iv)   The front wheels are incapable of being turned to the right and left steering stops without binding or interference.

     (v)   The universal joint is worn, faulty or shows repairs that were obviously welded.

     (vi)   The front axle beam or steering components are cracked or show repairs that were obviously welded.

   (3)  Inspect the suspension system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The ball joint movement is in excess of the manufacturer’s specifications.

     (ii)   The shock absorbers are missing.

     (iii)   The shock absorber mounting bolts or mounts are broken.

     (iv)   The shock absorbers have severe leakage—not slight dampness.

     (v)   The sway or stabilizer bar is missing or broken if originally equipped.

     (vi)   The coil spring or main leaf spring is broken.

     (vii)   The spring attaching part is loose, badly worn, broken or missing.

     (viii)   The king pin movement is in excess of 1/4 inch on rims less than 20 inches in diameter.

     (ix)   The king pin movement is in excess of 1/2 inch on rims 20 inches in diameter or larger.

     (x)   A torsion bar spring is broken.

     (xi)   A part of a torque, radius or tracking component assembly or a part used for attaching the same to the vehicle frame or axle is cracked, loose, broken or missing. This subparagraph does not apply to loose bushings in torque or track rods.

     (xii)   The air suspension is leaking or deflated.

   (4)  Inspect the floor and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The floor bed or inner panels have openings which would allow exhaust gases to enter either occupant compartment or trunk.

     (ii)   The floor bed is not sufficient to hold the weight of the driver, passengers and cargo.

   (5)  Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.

     (ii)   The repairs are made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or are made in another temporary manner.

     (iii)   The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted or broken, or are in a deteriorated or dangerous condition.

     (iv)   An adjustable axle assembly has locking pins missing or not engaged.

   (6)  Inspect the exhaust system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle has no muffler or noise suppressing system or the muffler has external repair.

     (ii)   There are loose or leaking joints.

     (iii)   There are holes, cracks or leaking seams in the exhaust system.

     (iv)   There is a muffler cutout or similar device.

     (v)   Part of the exhaust system passes through the occupant compartments.

     (vi)   The elements are not securely fastened with proper clamps and hangers.

     (vii)   The exposed exhaust system does not have an adequate heat shield or protective system.

     (viii)   The exhaust does not discharge to the outside edge of the vehicle body, including a truck bed, or as originally designed, except for the following:

       (A)   Heavy trucks or truck tractors. The exhaust system of every heavy truck and truck tractor shall discharge to the atmosphere at a location to the rear of the cab or, if the exhaust projects above the cab, at a location near the rear of the cab.

       (B)   Gasoline powered buses, including school buses. The exhaust system of a bus powered by a gasoline engine shall discharge to the atmosphere at or within 6 inches forward of the rearmost part of the bus. Until June 15, 1998, the tailpipe of school buses may extend to, but not beyond the body limits on the left side of the school bus within 60 inches of the left rear wheel as measured from the center of the wheel axis.

       (C)   Buses, including school buses, powered by fuels other than gasoline. The exhaust system of a bus using fuels other than gasoline shall discharge to the atmosphere either at or within 15 inches forward of the rearmost part of the vehicle; or to the rear of all doors or windows designed to be opened, except windows designed to be opened solely as emergency exits. Until June 15, 1998, the tailpipe of school buses may extend to, but not beyond the body limits on the left side of the school bus within 60 inches of the left rear wheel as measured from the center of the wheel axis.

   (7)  Inspect the braking system. At least one front and one opposite rear wheel shall be removed. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The hydraulic hoses or tubing leaks; is flattened, restricted, insecurely fastened or improperly retained; or has exposed cords.

     (ii)   The wheel cylinder leaks, has missing parts or is improperly retained or not functioning.

     (iii)   The caliper leaks, has missing parts or is improperly retained or not functioning.

     (iv)   The lining is broken; not firmly attached to the shoe; or is contaminated with oil, grease or another substance that would affect proper brake operation.

     (v)   There are leaks in the air brake system valves, diaphragms or piston cups.

     (vi)   The drums are scored deeper than .060 inch.

     (vii)   The inside diameter of the drum is greater than the maximum diameter stamped on the drum or greater than .090 inch over the original drum diameter for unmarked drums less than 14 inches, or greater than .120 inch over original drum diameter for unmarked drums 14 inches or larger.

     (viii)   The disc thickness is less than the minimum stamped on the assembly or less than the manufacturer’s specifications.

     (ix)   The bonded linings are less than 3/32 inch at the thinnest point.

     (x)   The riveted linings are less than 1/32 inch above the rivet head at the thinnest point.

     (xi)   The bolted lining is worn to less than 5/16 inch at the center of the shoe.

     (xii)   The air pressure relief valve does not operate.

     (xiii)   The air compressor belts are worn, loose or frayed so as to prevent the proper operation of the compressor.

     (xiv)   The air intake cleaner is clogged so as to prevent proper air intake.

     (xv)   There is mechanical damage other than wear.

     (xvi)   A truck or truck-tractor with three or more axles manufactured after October 26, 1986, is not equipped with service brakes on all axles.

     (xvii)   A truck or truck-tractor with three or more axles manufactured between July 24, 1980 and October 27, 1986, is not equipped with service brakes on all axles after February 26, 1988.

     (xviii)   The brake hoses seep or swell under application of pressure.

     (xix)   The connecting hoses are improperly joined; for example, a splice made by sliding the hose ends over a piece of tubing and clamping the hose to the tube.

     (xx)   One or more of the following are mismatched across a motor vehicle steering axle:

       (A)   Air chamber size.

       (B)   Slack adjuster length.

       (C)   Retracted push rod lengths differing by more than 1/2 inch.

   (8)  Inspect critical body mounts and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Body mounts do not hold as required.

     (ii)   A body mount is broken, cracked, deteriorated or missing.

   (9)  Inspect the fuel system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   There is fuel leakage.

     (ii)   Part of the system is not securely fastened.

     (iii)   The system is not properly routed.

 (e)  Road test. Perform a road test and reject if one or more of the following apply:

   (1)  The parking brake fails to exhibit normal resistance when an attempt is made to move the vehicle both forward and backward from a stopped position.

   (2)  The automatic transmission will not hold in the park position.

   (3)  The vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I or swerves so that any part leaves the 12-foot lane.

   (4)  There is a malfunction of the braking or steering mechanism—particularly shimmy, wander or pull—or another questionable operating behavior that affects the safe operation of the vehicle.

   (5)  The speedometer does not operate.

   (6)  The odometer does not operate, except a motor vehicle at least 25 years old or a vehicle over 17,000 pounds registered gross weight.

   (7)  The vehicle cannot be driven both forward and backward.

   The provisions of this §  175.110 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.110 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; amended December 30, 1983, effective December 31, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 4023; amended September 20, 1984, effective September 21, 1985, 15 Pa.B. 3352; amended March 25, 1988, effective March 26, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 1368; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended December 24, 1992, effective December 26, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 6120; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. The effective date of the following provisions are postponed indefinitely: subsection (d)(6)(viii)(A)—(C); the amendment to subsection (d)(7) which deleted the following language: ‘‘It is not necessary to remove the wheel and front assembly if there is a removable braking plate that allows an examination of the brake system.’’; and the repeal of subsection (e)(6), 29 Pa.B. 2460 and 2577; the Department has determined the effective date for §  175.110(d)(6)(viii)(B) and (C) as August 1, 2001, 30 Pa.B. 3794. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (250380) to (250390), (255497) to (255498) and (250393).

   The provisions of this §  175.113 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (73480).

Subchapter G. RECREATIONAL, SEMI AND UTILITY TRAILERS

Sec.

 Equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to trailers towed or operated on highways.

 Every suspension component shall be in safe operating condition.

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.130 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Service brakes. A trailer shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).

   (1)  The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application except for the following:

     (i)   On interconnected dual wheels, the brakes may act upon only one wheel.

     (ii)   A vehicle being towed in driveaway-towaway operation.

     (iii)   A trailer of a gross weight not exceeding 3,000 pounds, if the gross weight of the trailer does not exceed 40% of the gross weight of the towing vehicle.

   (2)  The service brakes, when required, shall be capable of stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I.

   (3)  Surge or inertia type brake systems are authorized.

   (4)  The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of a type approved by the vehicle manufacturer or shall meet the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards (J998, January 1980)—see Appendix A (relating to minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake linings—SAE J998).

   (5)  Metal from the shoe may not contact the brake drums or rotors.

   (6)  A vehicle to which additional axles and wheels have been added shall be equipped with brakes on the additional wheels.

   (7)  Brake lines shall be approved for use as brake lines.

 (c)  Breakaway system. A trailer operated on a highway which is equipped with brakes or which has gross weight in excess of 3,000 pounds shall be equipped with a breakaway system which shall stop and hold the vehicle automatically upon breakaway from the towing vehicle.

 (d)  Air chamber push rod. The air chamber push rod travel may not exceed the manufacturer’s specifications maximum stroke allowance. See Chart 4 (relating to brake chamber push rod travel (typical)) for a drawing of the air chamber push rod.

   The provisions of this §  175.123 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.130 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Tire standards. A trailer shall have tires that were manufactured in conformance with standards contained in Chapter 159 (relating to new pneumatic tires). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4525 (relating to tire equipment and traction surfaces). Tires with equivalent metric size designations may be used.

 (c)  Radial ply tires. A radial ply tire may not be used on the same axle with a bias or belted tire.

 (d)  Different types of tires. Tires of different types and sizes, such as one snow tire and one regular tire or bias, belted or radial tire, may not be used on the same axle, except in an emergency.

 (e)  Nonpneumatic tires. No trailer operated on a highway shall be equipped with nonpneumatic tires.

 (f)  Ice grips or studs. A tire may not be equipped with ice grips or tire studs of wear-resisting material which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.

 (g)  Tires and rims. The axles of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with the number and type of tires and rims which have a load rating equal to or higher than those offered by the manufacturer.

   The provisions of this §  175.124 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.130 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Lighting standards. Lamps shall comply with Tables II—IV; Chapter 153; and 75 Pa.C.S. Chapter 43 (relating to lighting equipment).

 (c)  Other required lamps. A trailer shall have at least one red stop lamp on each side of the rear of the vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of the service brake.

 (d)  Illumination. A trailer shall be equipped with parking lamps, stop lamps, tail lamps, turn signal lamps and hazard warning lamps designed for that specific function, which under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation, at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b)—(d) (relating to general lighting requirements).

   (1)  Stop lamps, turn signals and hazard warning lamps shall be visible at a distance of 100 feet during normal sunlight.

   (2)  Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in operation.

   (3)  A trailer shall be equipped with hazard warning lamps, unless these lamps were not included as original equipment.

   (4)  The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

 (e)  Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of a color not contrary to regulations—see Tables II—IV (relating to required motor vehicle lighting equipment; location of required equipment; and required motor vehicle lighting equipment); and may not be so obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or device of any kind as to obscure, change color of or obstruct the beam.

 (f)  Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section, and not located as described in Tables III—V of this chapter is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is prohibited. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or revolving lights are located in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

 (g)  Back-up lamps. Back-up lamps, if the vehicle is so equipped, shall turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward.

 (h)  Registration plate lamp. A registration plate lamp, if originally equipped, shall emit white light and make the registration plate visible from a distance of 50 feet to rear of the vehicle.

 (i)  Exception. A trailer that is less than 30 inches in overall width may be equipped with only one of each of the following lamps and reflective devices, located at or near its vertical centerline: tail lamps, stop lamp and rear reflex reflector.

   The provisions of this §  175.125 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of glazing. Glazing, including rigid plastic, shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4526 (relating to safety glass).

 (b)  Safety glazing. A trailer except house trailers shall be equipped with safety glazing in all windows and wings. Requirements of this subsection do not apply to a vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if the original glazing is not cracked or discolored.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.130 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Protruding objects. A trailer may have no torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protruding from the body.

 (c)  Doors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with doors of a type used as original equipment. The doors shall open and close securely. Tailgates may be replaced with wood planking, nets or other material that will prevent loss of load. Tailgates may be removed when optional equipment is added.

   The provisions of this §  175.127 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.130 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Vehicle frame. The vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.

 (c)  Flooring and floor beds. Flooring and floor beds shall be of a construction that supports occupants and cargo which the vehicle is capable of carrying, and may not have any openings through which exhaust gases could enter the passenger compartment.

 (d)  Rear protection device. A trailer, except for pole trailers, whose body has a rear end clearance of more than 30 inches from the ground when empty, shall be equipped with a rear bumper or rear end protection device as follows:

   (1)  The rear bumper or rear end protection device shall be:

     (i)   Within 30 inches of ground when the vehicle is empty.

     (ii)   Within 24 inches of another rear bumper or rear end protection device, if more than one rear bumper or rear end protection device is used.

     (iii)   Within 18 inches—transverse distance—of the widest part of the rear of the vehicle.

     (iv)   Within 24 inches of the extreme rear of the vehicle.

     (v)   Substantially constructed and firmly attached.

   (2)  Trailers constructed and maintained so that the body, chassis or other parts of the vehicle afford the rear end protection described in paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be in compliance with this subsection.

 (e)  Fender and flaps. The wheels of a trailer originally manufactured with fenders or flaps shall be equipped with fenders or flaps of a type used as original equipment.

 (f)  Rear wheel shields. A trailer shall be constructed or equipped so as to bar water or other road surface substances thrown from the rear wheels of the vehicle or combination at tangents exceeding 22 1/2°, measured from road surface, from passing in a straight line to the rear of the vehicle or combination. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4533 (relating to rear wheel shields).

 (g)  Tire contact. A tire may not come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle.

   The provisions of this §  175.128 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection of a trailer over 3,000 pounds registered gross weight shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify the ownership and legality. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin:

       (A)   The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.

     (ii)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration card:

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.

     (iii)   A registered vehicle only, if any of the following apply:

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the number on the registration certificate. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate department form has been completed to correct error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.

   (2)  Check the glazing and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   Approved safety glazing or rigid plastic is not used in every window or wing except in house trailers.

     (ii)   The glass or rigid plastic is shattered or broken or has sharp edges.

     (iii)   A trailer designed for passengers does not have safety glazing or rigid plastic.

   (3)  Check door operation, including the tailgate and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The doors are not on the vehicle if originally fitted by manufacturer.

     (ii)   The doors, including the tailgate, cannot be closed securely.

     (iii)   Tailgate or equivalent is not on the vehicle, unless removed for the addition of optional equipment that is present at the time of inspection.

   (4)  Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except ornamental lights.

     (ii)   The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

     (iii)   The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate right or left when so switched.

     (iv)   The back-up lamps do not turn off automatically when the vehicle goes forward.

     (v)   The lamp shows a color contrary to law as specified in lighting chart—Tables II—IV (relating to required motor vehicle lighting equipment; location of required equipment; and required motor vehicle lighting equipment).

     (vi)   A lamp or filament indicated at the switch position does not light when the correct switch indicates the lamp should be on.

     (vii)   A lamp has a missing or broken lens.

     (viii)   A required lamp is missing.

     (ix)   Auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or in front of a lamp.

     (x)   Detachable electrical connections are not contained in the cable or cables or entirely within a substantially constructed protection device.

 (b)  Internal inspection. An internal inspection of a trailer over 3,000 pounds registered gross weight shall be performed as follows. Check the flooring and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The flooring and floor beds are not in a condition to support cargo.

     (ii)   On passenger-carrying trailers, reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   The flooring and floor beds are not substantially constructed to support occupants and cargo. The floor pan is rusted through to cause hazard to occupants or to permit exhaust gases to enter passenger compartment.

       (B)   The step well or floor is cluttered or worn so as to present tripping hazard.

       (C)   The guard rails or grab rails are loose or fastening parts are missing.

       (D)   The emergency exit is not easily accessible.

       (E)   The inside or outside quick release mechanism on emergency doors or windows on passenger-carrying trailer fail to function properly or open accidently.

 (c)  Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection of a trailer over 3,000 pounds registered gross weight shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Any tire has two adjacent treads with less than 2/32-inch tread remaining at any point.

     (ii)   The tire is worn so that tread wear indicators contact road in any two adjacent grooves.

     (iii)   Part of the ply or cord is exposed.

     (iv)   A tire has been repaired with blow-out patch or boot.

     (v)   There is a bump, bulge or separation.

     (vi)   A tire is marked ‘‘not for highway use,’’ ‘‘for racing purposes only’’ or ‘‘unsafe for highway use,’’ or has any similar designation.

     (vii)   There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render tire unsafe for highway use.

     (viii)   A tire has been regrooved or recut below original tread design depth.

     (ix)   A tire extends beyond the outer edge of the wheel housing or exceeds the manufacturer’s specifications as to size.

     (x)   Tires on same axle are not the same size or type of construction—bias, belted or radial.

     (xi)   The wheel nuts or bolts are missing or loose or have improper thread engagement.

     (xii)   The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.

     (xiii)   Part of the wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.

     (xiv)   Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.

     (xv)   The diameter of duals is not within 3/8 inch of each other.

     (xvi)   An axle has missing tires or rims.

   (2)  Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.

     (ii)   A repair is made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or is made in another temporary manner.

     (iii)   The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted, broken or in deteriorated or dangerous condition.

     (iv)   There is no rear end protrusion which is within 24 inches of the rear of the trailer and within 30 inches of the ground and within 18 inches of each side.

     (v)   Torn metal or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from the surface of body.

     (vi)   The tailgate or doors are broken or sagging so that the doors cannot be tightly closed.

     (vii)   The landing gear parts are broken or missing and the gear is not operating properly.

     (viii)   The rear wheel shields or mudflaps are not mounted properly. Every trailer must be equipped with rear wheel shields to bar water or other substances thrown from rear wheels at tangents exceeding 22 1/2 degrees, measured from road surface, from passing in straight line to rear.

     (ix)   The king pin has excessive wear.

     (x)   There are cracks in the contact area on the fifth wheel plate.

     (xi)   An adjustable axle assembly has locking pins missing or not engaged.

     (xii)   A torsion bar spring is broken.

     (xiii)   A part of a torque, radius or tracking component assembly or a part used for attaching the same to the vehicle frame or axle is cracked, loose, broken or missing. This subparagraph does not apply to loose bushings in torque or track rods.

   (3)  Inspect the braking system.

     (i)   Reject if one or more of the following apply:

       (A)   The bonded linings are less than 2/32 inch at the thinnest point.

       (B)   The riveted linings are less than 1/32 inch above the rivet head at the thinnest point.

       (C)   The lining on a semitrailer is less than 5/16 inch at the center of the shoe.

       (D)   The lining is broken; not firmly attached to the shoe; or contaminated with oil, grease or another substance that would affect proper brake operation.

       (E)   There are substantial cracks on the friction surface of a drum extending to an open edge.

       (F)   There is wear to such an extent that the brake cam is on end or the cam has turned over.

       (G)   The brake shoe rollers are worn and flattened so as to interfere with brake operation.

       (H)   The air chamber push rod travel exceeds maximum stroke allowance. See Chart 4 (relating to brake chamber push rod travel (typical)) for a drawing of the air chamber push rod.

       (I)   The hydraulic hoses or tubing leaks; is flattened, restricted, insecurely fastened or improperly retained; or has exposed cords.

       (J)   The brake hoses, lines or tubing is leaking, chaffed, restricted, crimped, cracked or broken.

       (K)   The surge brake system is leaking.

       (L)   There is leaking in the lines or cylinders, reservoirs, hydraulic, vacuum or air brake systems.

       (M)   There is no control from the cab of the towing vehicle.

       (N)   The brakes are not equalized to stop the vehicle from swerving when tested in combination with the trailer.

       (O)   The brakes fail to apply automatically on disconnection with the tractor.

       (P)   The surge brake system is defective.

       (Q)   The maximum amperage on the electric brakes is more than 20% above or more than 30% below the brake manufacturers’ maximum current rating.

       (R)   All wheels are not equipped with brakes.

       (S)   The drums are scored deeper than .060 inch.

       (T)   The brake hoses bulge or swell under application of pressure.

       (U)   The connecting hoses are improperly joined; for example, a splice made by sliding the hose ends over a piece of tubing and clamping the hose to the tube.

     (ii)   The brake lining from one side of each axle shall be examined.

   (4)  Inspect the air suspension system and reject if the system is leaking or deflated.

 (d)  Road test. Perform a road test of a trailer over 3,000 pounds registered gross weight and reject if the vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I or swerves so that any part leaves the 12-foot lane.

   The provisions of this §  175.130 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.130 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; amended February 1, 1983, effective February 1, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 708, except subsection (c)(1)(ix), effectiveness of which has been indefinitely postponed until further notice, to the extent that these portions of the regulations prohibit placement of oversize tires that remain within the body line of vehicles and require the rejection of inspected vehicles equipped with these tires; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended December 24, 1992, effective December 26, 1992, 22 Pa.B. 6120; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221282) to (221287).

   The provisions of this §  175.133 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 14, 1978, effective August 1, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 2006; amended December 8, 1978, effective December 9, 1978, 8 Pa.B. 3495; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (73487), (56916) to (56919) and (73489).

Subchapter H. MOTORCYCLES

Sec.

 Equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to all motorcycles being driven on highways.

 (a)  Condition of suspension components. Every suspension component shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Suspension system. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a suspension system.

   (1)  A motorcycle shall be equipped with a suspension system on at least the front wheel.

   (2)  The suspension system shall be effective in reducing road shock and shall be designed for the purpose of maximizing the vehicle’s stability.

 (a)  Condition of steering components. The steering assembly and steering mechanism shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Condition of steering. A motorcycle shall meet the following specifications in relation to front wheel geometry:

   (1)  Maximum rake: 45°. Maximum trail: 14 inches positive.

   (2)  Minimum rake: 20°. Minimum trail: 2 inches positive.

   (3)  Minimum rake and minimum trail are not applicable to three-wheel motorcycles unless the third wheel is derived from a sidecar.

 (c)  Steering head. A head shall be provided with a bearing or similar device allowing the steering shaft to turn freely in rotating fashion.

 (d)  Handlebars. The handlebars or grips may not be higher than the operator’s shoulder level when the operator is properly seated upon the motorcycle.

   (1)  The handlebars shall be of a sturdy construction adequate in size and length to provide proper leverage for steering and capable of withstanding a minimum force of 100 pounds applied to each handle grip in any direction.

   (2)  The handlebars shall be designed so as not to restrict front fork movement and shall be capable of vertical adjustments.

   (3)  The handlebar design shall provide a minimum of 18 inches between ends, after final assembly.

   (4)  The handlebars shall be equipped with grips of nonslip design and materials.

   The provisions of this §  175.143 amended under 75 Pa.C.S. 4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Service brakes. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).

   (1)  The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance).

   (2)  The service brake system shall act upon all wheels according to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications, except on a vehicle being towed in driveaway-towaway operation or side cars not originally equipped.

   (3)  The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of type approved by vehicle manufacturer or shall meet the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards (J998, January 1980)—Appendix A (relating to minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake linings—SAE J998).

   (4)  The service brake system shall be of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of actuating force component, the unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying adequate braking force to vehicle.

   (5)  Metal from the shoe or caliper may not contact brake drums or rotors.

   (6)  Brake lines shall be approved for use as brake lines.

   The provisions of this 175.144 amended under 75 Pa.C.S. 4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Tire standards. A motorcycle shall have tires that were manufactured in conformance with standards contained in Chapter 159 (relating to new pneumatic tires). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4525 (relating to tire equipment and traction surfaces). Tires with equivalent metric size designations may be used.

 (c)  Nonpneumatic tires. A motorcycle operated on a highway may not be equipped with nonpneumatic tires.

 (d)  Ice grips or studs. A tire may not be equipped with ice grips or tire studs or wear-resisting material which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.

 (e)  Antique vehicle pneumatic tire exemption. An antique vehicle may be equipped with nonpneumatic tires if originally equipped by the manufacturer.

   The provisions of this §  175.145 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Lighting standards. Lamps shall comply with the vehicle lighting equipment requirements of Tables II, IV and V; Chapter 153; and 75 Pa.C.S. §  4301.

 (c)  Headlamp system. A motorcycle driven on a highway shall have at least one and no more than two headlamps. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(a) (relating to general lighting requirements).

   (1)  Lamps in the headlamp system shall be of Type I or Type II construction. On one-lamp system, the lamp shall be located in the center of the vehicle. On a two-lamp system, the lamps shall be symetrically located on each side of the vehicle’s vertical centerline.

   (2)  The headlamp low beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 7,500.

   (3)  The headlamp high beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 10,000.

   (4)  Every headlamp shall be aimed to comply with inspection procedure of this subchapter.

   (5)  Approved SAE modulating lamps are legal.

   (6)  A motorcycle shall be equipped with a manual dimmer switch conveniently located for use by the driver while in a normal operating position. An automatic dimming device may be used in addition to a manual switch.

   (7)  A motorcycle shall be equipped with a beam indicator which shall be lighted whenever the high beam of light from the headlamp is in use and shall not otherwise be lighted. The indicator shall be so located that when lighted it is readily visible without glare to the operator of the vehicle.

 (d)  Total candlepower. Total candlepower for headlamps and auxiliary lamps shall not exceed 150,000.

 (e)  Other required lamps. A motorcycle shall have at least one red stop lamp and no more than two—one on each side—on the rear of the vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of the service brake.

 (f)  Illumination except headlamps, fog lamps and auxiliary driving lamps. A motorcycle shall have a stop lamp and tail lamp which, under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b) and (d).

   (1)  Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in operation.

   (2)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter may be equipped with turn signals.

   (3)  The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

   (4)  The stop lamps shall be operated through a switching arrangement so that any motion of brake towards applied position immediately illuminates the stop lamp.

   (5)  The stop lamps shall not be combined with turn signal lamps unless arrangement of switches or other parts are such that the stop lamp is extinguished when the turn signal is in use.

   (6)  The stop lamps shall be visible for 100 feet in normal sunlight.

   (7)  A motorcycle manufactured after 1978 shall be equipped with an alternator, generator or electrical energy storage source, capable of providing lighting in compliance with Chapter 153 (relating to lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment) and SAE J392—Appendix B (relating to motorcycle and motor vehicle cycle electrical system (maintenance of design voltage)—SAE J392)—Maintenance of Design Voltage.

   (8)  A motorcycle shall be equipped with at least one red reflector to the rear.

   (9)  A motorcycle shall have at least one tail lamp if it was manufactured after 1973 or if originally so equipped.

 (g)  Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of a color not contrary to Tables II, IV and V; and not be so obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or a device as to obscure, change the color of or obstruct the beam.

 (h)  Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section, and not located as described in Tables III—V of this chapter, is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is prohibited. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or revolving lights are located in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

 (i)  [Reserved].

 (j)  Registration plate lamp. A registration plate lamp, if originally equipped, shall emit white light and make the registration plate visible from a distance of 50 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

 (k)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps. Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps may be installed on a motorcycle if they comply with the following requirements:

   (1)  Fog lamps shall not be substituted for headlamps except under conditions of rain or fog. Fog lamps may be used with lower headlamp beams.

   (2)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be mounted on front at a height not less than 12 inches nor more than 42 inches above level surface upon which the vehicle stands. Rear fog lamps, if originally installed or offered as optional equipment, are acceptable.

   (3)  Auxiliary lamps and fog lamps shall be aimed when the vehicle and lamp assembly are in the straight ahead position with the beam not above the horizontal centerline of the lamp at 25 feet.

   (4)  A motorcycle may have one and no more than two approved auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps.

   (5)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall not be placed in front of any required lamp.

   (6)  A vehicle equipped with headlamps, auxiliary driving lamps or fog lamps may not have more than four forward projecting lamps illuminated at the same time.

 (l)  Antique vehicle lighting exemption. An antique vehicle, if operated exclusively between the hours of sunrise to sunset and not during periods of reduced visibility or insufficient illumination, is exempt from requirements of this section, except requirements pertaining to stop lamps.

 (m)  Battery fastening. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a system which is specifically designed for the secure fastening of the battery.

   The provisions of this §  175.146 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of glazing. Glazing shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4526 (relating to safety glass).

 (b)  Safety glazing. A motorcycle may be equipped with a windscreen. This subsection does not apply to a vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if the original glazing is not cracked or discolored.

 (c)  Stickers. Out-of-State inspection stickers, tax stamps, road use permits or other government-related permits—all municipalities and states—may be placed at the lower left- or right-hand corner of the windscreen.

 (d)  Obstructions. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have glazing free from obstructions as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

   (1)  With the exception of the materials in paragraph (3), signs, posters or other materials, whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, may not be placed on the windscreen or a side wing or side window so as to obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, these restrictions do not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of vehicles subject to this subchapter, if so equipped.

   (2)  The requirements of this subsection also apply to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

   (3)  A sun screening device or other material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside of the vehicle is prohibited unless otherwise permitted by FMVSS No. 205, or a certificate of exemption has been issued in compliance with §  175.265 (relating to exemption provisions). See Table X for specific requirements for vehicles subject to this subchapter.

   The provisions of this §  175.147 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.147 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (132928).

 (a)  Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Rearview mirrors. A motorcycle shall be equipped with at least one rearview mirror or similar device. If a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued, rearview mirrors, each with a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror, shall be installed on both sides of a motorcycle. A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (1)  A mirror may not be cracked, broken or discolored.

   (2)  A mirror shall hold adjustment.

   (3)  A mirror shall provide an unobstructed view of the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance of not less than 200 feet.

   (4)  A mirror shall provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror.

 (c)  Obstructions. A motorcycle rearview mirror shall be free from obstructions as described in §  175.160.

   The provisions of this §  175.148 amended under 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.148 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (132928) to (132929).

 (a)  Condition of fuel systems. All components in the fuel system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fuel system requirements. The fuel system components shall be leakproof and shall be fastened securely to the vehicle with fasteners designed for that purpose.

 (c)  Accelerator operation. The accelerator control system shall return the engine throttle to the idle position when the operator removes the actuating force from the accelerator control.

 (d)  Filler cap. The fuel system shall be equipped with a filler cap.

 (e)  Alternate fuel systems. See Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

 Every motorcycle shall have an operating speedometer calibrated to indicate miles per hour or kilometers per hour.

 Every motorcycle shall have an operating odometer calibrated to indicate total miles or kilometers driven, except a motorcycle at least 25 years old.

 (a)  Condition of exhaust system. All components of the exhaust system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Exhaust system requirements. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. A muffler or exhaust system may not be equipped with a cutout, bypass or similar device and a muffler may not show evidence of external repair.

   (1)  The exhaust system of a motorcycle may not be modified in a manner which will amplify or increase noise emitted by the motor of the vehicle above the maximum level permitted by Chapter 157 (relating to established sound levels).

   (2)  An exposed exhaust system shall be equipped with adequate heat shield or protective system or be located to prevent contact by operator or passenger.

   The provisions of this §  175.152 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of horns and warning devices. All components of the horn or warning device shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Horn and warning device requirements. A motorcycle shall have a horn or other warning device which is audible under normal conditions at a distance of not less than 200 feet. No vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or similar device emitting an unreasonably loud or harsh sound, except emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fenders. The wheels of a motorcycle shall be equipped with fenders of a type used as original equipment. At no time shall a tire come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle.

 (c)  Protruding objects. A motorcycle shall have no torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protruding from body.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.160 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Vehicle frame. A vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.

 (c)  Seats. A motorcycle shall be equipped with a seat for the operator which is firmly anchored to the frame or support. No metal spring shall protrude from the driver’s seat.

 (d)  Chain guard or drive shaft cover. A covering device to prevent contact with a rider while in a normal riding position shall be provided.

 (e)  Stands. A motorcycle stand shall operate and be strong enough to support the vehicle and stay in the proper position when not holding the bike in standing position.

 (f)  Hand-hold. A hand-hold device shall be provided if the motorcycle is designed to carry more than one person.

 (g)  Footrests. A motorcycle operated or driven upon the highway shall have footrests for each person operating or riding upon the vehicle.

 (h)  Highway bars. If the motorcycle is so equipped, highway bars shall have a maximum width of 26 inches and shall be located less than 15 inches from the foot controls and shall not interfere with the operation of foot controls.

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin:

       (A)   The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.

     (ii)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration card.

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.

     (iii)   Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter, financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:

       (A)   A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code (relating to insurance).

       (B)   The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.

       (C)   A valid self-insurance identification card.

       (D)   A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

       (E)   A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

   (2)  Check the glazing.

     (i)   Reject if one or more of the following apply:

       (A)   Approved safety glazing is not used in the windscreen.

       (B)   A sign, poster or other material whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway.

       (C)   A vehicle displays a sticker other than those prescribed under §  175.147(c) (relating to glazing), or displays a parking sticker in a location described in §  175.147(d).

       (D)   The glass is shattered, broken or has any exposed sharp edges.

       (E)   There are defects in an acute area of the windscreen—center of the critical area on the driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision, 8 1/2 inches wide and 5 1/2 inches high—or discolorations or hazardous cracks which would interfere with the driver’s vision.

     (ii)   This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a product or material along the top edge of the windscreen as long as the product or material is transparent and does not encroach upon the AS-1 portion of the windscreen as provided by FMVSS No. 205, and the product or material is not more than 3 inches from the top of the windscreen.

   (3)  Check the mirrors and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   The mirror does not provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror.

     (iv)   Outside rearview mirrors, with a minimum reflective surface as described in §  175.148(b) (relating to mirrors), are not installed on both sides of the motorcycle, if a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued by the Department. See §  175.264 (relating to mirrors). A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (4)  Check the fenders and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   A fender—front or rear—has been removed.

     (ii)   A fender is not of a type and size used as original equipment.

   (5)  Check the flooring and floor beds if applicable and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The flooring or floor beds are not in a condition constructed to support occupants and cargo.

     (ii)   The floor pan is rusted through so as to cause a hazard to occupants or to permit exhaust gases to enter passenger compartment.

   (6)  Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except ornamental lights.

     (ii)   The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

     (iii)   The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate right or left when so switched.

     (iv)   The lamp shows a color contrary to Tables IV or V (relating to required motor vehicle lighting equipment; and location of required equipment), as applicable.

     (v)   The lamp or filament indicated at switch position does not light when the correct switch indicates the lamp should be on.

     (vi)   The lamp has a missing or broken lens.

     (vii)   A required lamp is missing.

     (viii)   Auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or front of any lamp.

     (ix)   The fog lamps operate with the high beams of headlamps.

     (x)   Auxiliary driving lamps operate with the low beam of the standard headlamp system or alone.

     (xi)   The headlamps are out of adjustment as follows:

       (A)   Mechanical aimer, if any of the following apply:

         (I)   Horizontal aim is more than 4 inches to the left or right.

         (II)   Vertical aim is higher or lower than 4 inches from the center.

       (B)   Screen or photo electric type tester. See Charts 1—3 (relating to aiming screen distance and marking identification; high beam inspection limits; and low beam inspection limits).

         (I)   Turn the lamps on high beam and reject if the center of the beam is horizontally more than 4 inches to the right or left of straight ahead or if the center of the light beam is vertically more than 4 inches above or below the horizontal line.

         (II)   Turn the lamps on low beam and reject if the upper edge of beam is more than 4 inches above or below the horizontal centerline of the headlamp or if the inner edge of the beam is more than 4 inches to the right or left of the vertical line.

   (7)  Check for protruding metal and reject if torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from the surface of the vehicle so as to create a hazard.

   (8)  Check the fuel tank cap and reject if the fuel tank filler cap is missing.

 (b)  Internal inspection. An internal inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check the high beam and turn signal indicator lights and reject if the indicator lights are not working.

   (2)  Check the horn and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is no horn or other acceptable audible warning device.

     (ii)   The horn or other warning device is not audible under normal conditions for a distance of not less than 200 feet.

     (iii)   The vehicle is equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or a device emitting harsh or unreasonably loud sound, except on emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

   (3)  Check the brake system by doing visual inspection. If the vehicle is equipped with view ports or mechanical brake wear indicators, wheels do not have to be pulled but the mechanic shall determine if lining should be replaced. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   Brake control travel exceeds 80% of total available travel.

     (ii)   Brake control fades while the vehicle is stopped.

     (iii)   There is excessive friction in the control linkage or components or control levers are misaligned or improperly positioned.

     (iv)   The drums or rotors are scored deeper than .015 inch.

     (v)   There is mechanical damage other than wear.

     (vi)   The inside diameter of the drum is greater than the maximum diameter stamped on the drum or greater than .090 inch over the original drum diameter for unmarked drums.

     (vii)   The disc thickness is less than the minimum stamped on assembly or less than the manufacturer’s specifications.

     (viii)   The bonded linings are less than 1/32 inch at the thinnest point.

     (ix)   The riveted linings are less than 1/32 inch above the rivet head at the thinnest point.

     (x)   The lining is broken; not firmly attached to the shoe; or contaminated with oil, grease or another substance that would affect proper brake operation.

     (xi)   The master cylinder leaks.

     (xii)   The hydraulic hoses or lines leak or are disconnected, flattened or restricted.

     (xiii)   The hydraulic booster for the power brake system is leaking or inoperative or has excessively worn belts.

     (xiv)   Mechanical indicator shows that pads should be replaced.

   (4)  Check the motor mounts and reject if motor mounts are broken, cracked or missing.

   (5)  Check the fuel systems and controls and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is liquid fuel leakage at any point in the system.

     (ii)   Part of the fuel line is not securely fastened.

     (iii)   A fuel tank or line was not specifically designed or manufactured as a fuel tank or line.

     (iv)   A fuel line is in contact with a high temperature surface or moving part.

     (v)   The fuel tank line intrudes into a driver, passenger or cargo compartment, except if the vehicle was originally so designed. If the vehicle is equipped with an alternate fuel system, see Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

     (vi)   The throttle does not return to the idle position when the actuating force is removed.

 (c)  Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A tire has two adjacent treads with less than 2/32-inch tread remaining at any point.

     (ii)   A tire is worn so that tread wear indicators contact the road in any two adjacent grooves.

     (iii)   Part of the ply or cord is exposed.

     (iv)   A tire has been repaired with a blow-out patch or boot.

     (v)   There is a bump, bulge or separation.

     (vi)   A tire is marked ‘‘not for highway use,’’ ‘‘for racing purposes only’’ or ‘‘unsafe for highway use,’’ or has a similar designation.

     (vii)   There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render a tire unsafe for highway use.

     (viii)   A tire has been regrooved or recut.

     (ix)   The wheel nuts or bolts are missing or loose or have improper thread engagement.

     (x)   The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.

     (xi)   Part of the wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.

     (xii)   The rear wheel does not track front wheel track in the straight ahead position within 1 inch to either side, except for three-wheeled vehicles which must track as originally designed.

     (xiii)   Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.

     (xiv)   A tire extends beyond the outer edge of the wheel housing or exceeds the manufacturer’s specifications as to size.

   (2)  Inspect the steering system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The front wheel geometry of a motorcycle with a single front wheel does not meet the following specifications as to rake and trail:

       (A)   Maximum rake: 45 degrees; maximum trail: 14 inches positive.

       (B)   Minimum rake: 20 degrees; minimum trail: 2 inches positive.

     (ii)   The handlebars or grips are higher than operator’s shoulder level when properly seated upon motorcycle.

     (iii)   The handlebars of each motorcycle are not of sturdy construction.

     (iv)   The handlebars restrict front fork movement.

     (v)   The handlebars do not provide a minimum of 18 inches between grip ends.

     (vi)   The handlebars are not equipped with grips of nonslip design and material.

     (vii)   The measured movement at the front or rear of the tire is greater than 1/4 inch in relation to the axle shaft.

     (viii)   The linkage components are not secured with cotter pins or other suitable devices.

     (ix)   The steering stops allow a tire to rub on the frame or chassis parts.

     (x)   The front wheel is incapable of being turned to the right and left steering stops without binding or interference.

   (3)  Inspect the suspension system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The shock absorbers are missing.

     (ii)   The shock absorbers’ mounting bolts or mounts are broken.

     (iii)   The shock absorbers have severe leakage—not slight dampness.

     (iv)   The vehicle continues free rocking after release, indicating loss of the shock absorber function.

   (4)  Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.

     (ii)   A repair is made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or is made in another temporary manner.

     (iii)   The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted or broken or are in deteriorated or dangerous condition.

     (iv)   The chain guard or other covering device is missing.

     (v)   The motorcycle stand does not operate or is not strong enough to support the vehicle.

     (vi)   A hand-hold device is not provided if the motorcycle is designed to carry more than one person.

     (vii)   Footrests are not provided for each person operating or riding upon vehicle.

     (viii)   The highway bars exceed the maximum width of 26 inches or are located more than 15 inches from the foot controls.

   (5)  Inspect the exhaust system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle has no muffler or muffler has external repair.

     (ii)   There are loose or leaking joints.

     (iii)   There are holes, cracks or leaking seams in exhaust system.

     (iv)   There is a muffler cutout or similar device.

     (v)   Part of the exhaust system passes through the occupant compartment.

     (vi)   The elements are not securely fastened with proper clamps and hangers.

     (vii)   The exposed exhaust system does not have adequate heat shield or protective system or is not located to prevent contact with riders.

   (6)  Check the battery and reject if the battery is not securely fastened.

 (d)  Road test. Perform a road test and reject if one or more of the following apply:

   (1)  The vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance).

   (2)  There is a malfunction of the braking or steering mechanism—particularly shimmy, wander and pull—or another questionable operating behavior that affects safe operation of vehicle.

   (3)  The speedometer does not operate.

   (4)  The odometer does not operate except on motorcycles at least 25 years old.

   (5)  The vehicle cannot be driven forward.

   The provisions of this §  175.160 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.160 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; delayed February 11, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 708; except subsection (c)(1)(xiv), effectiveness of which has been indefinitely postponed until further notice, to the extent that these portions of the regulations prohibit placement of oversize tires that remain within the body line of vehicles and require the rejection of inspected vehicles equipped with these tires; amended December 30, 1983, effective December 31, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 4023; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221297) to (221303).

   This section cited in 67 Pa. Code §  175.142 (relating to suspension); 67 Pa. Code §  175.143 (relating to steering); 67 Pa. Code §  175.144 (relating to braking systems); 67 Pa. Code §  175.145 (relating to tires and wheels); 67 Pa. Code §  175.146 (relating to lighting and electrical systems); 67 Pa. Code §  175.147 (relating to glazing); 67 Pa. Code §  175.148 (relating to mirrors); 67 Pa. Code §  175.149 (relating to fuel systems); 67 Pa. Code §  175.152 (relating to exhaust systems); 67 Pa. Code §  175.153 (relating to horns and warning devices); 67 Pa. Code §  175.154 (relating to body); 67 Pa. Code §  175.155 (relating to chassis); 67 Pa. Code §  175.203 (relating to braking systems); 67 Pa. Code §  175.206 (relating to glazing); 67 Pa. Code §  175.207 (relating to mirrors); and 67 Pa. Code §  175.208 (relating to body).

Subchapter J. MOTOR-DRIVEN CYCLES AND MOTORIZED
PEDALCYCLES

Sec.

 Equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to all motor-driven cycles and motorized pedalcycles driven on highways.

 (a)  Condition of steering components. The steering assembly and steering mechanism shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Steering head. The steering head shall be provided with a bearing or similar device allowing the steering shaft to turn freely in a rotating fashion.

 (c)  Handlebars. The handlebars or grips may not be higher than the operator’s shoulder level when the operator is properly seated upon the vehicle.

   (1)  The handlebars shall be of sturdy construction and adequate in size and length to provide leverage for steering and shall be capable of withstanding a minimum force of 100 pounds applied to each handle grip in any direction.

   (2)  The handlebars shall be designed so as not to restrict front fork movement and shall be capable of vertical adjustment.

   (3)  The handlebar design shall provide a minimum of 18 inches between ends, after final assembly.

   (4)  The handlebars shall be equipped with grips of nonslip design and materials.

   The provisions of this §  175.172 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Service brakes. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a service brake system. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4502 (relating to general requirements for braking systems).

   (1)  The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I.

   (2)  A service brake system shall act upon all wheels according to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications, except on a vehicle being towed in driveaway-towaway operation or side cars not originally equipped.

   (3)  The brake lining and brake fluids shall be of a type approved by the vehicle manufacturer or shall meet the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards (J998, January 1980). See Appendix A (relating to minimum requirements for motor vehicle brake linings—SAE J998).

   (4)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a service brake system of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by hydraulic or other means through normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of an actuating force component, the unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying an adequate braking force to vehicle.

   (5)  Metal from the shoe or caliper shall not contact the brake drums or rotors of the cycle if so equipped.

 (a)  Condition of tires and wheels. Tires and wheels shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Tire conditions. The tires shall not bear a marking or condition which may render the tire unsafe for highway use. The tires must be free of partial exposure of ply or cord; blow-out patches; bumps, bulges or separation; and regrooving and recutting below the original tread design depth.

 (c)  Manufacturer’s specifications. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have tires which conform to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications as to tire size.

 (d)  Nonpneumatic tires. No vehicle specified under this subchapter operated on highway shall be equipped with nonpneumatic tires.

 (e)  Ice grips or studs. No tire shall be equipped with ice grips or tire studs of wear-resisting material which have projections exceeding 2/32 inch beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire.

 (f)  Antique vehicle pneumatic tire exemption. An antique vehicle may be equipped with nonpneumatic tires if originally equipped by the manufacturer.

 (g)  Wheel conditions. The wheels shall conform to the manufacturer’s specifications and shall not be bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operating conditions. The wheels shall be free of missing and loose studs and bolts or an improper thread engagement.

 (a)  Condition of lamps and switches. Every required lamp or switch shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Lighting standards. A vehicle specified under this subchapter driven on highways shall have lamps which comply with Tables II, IV and V; Chapter 153; and 75 Pa.C.S. §  4301.

 (c)  Headlamp system. A vehicle specified under this subchapter driven on the highway shall have at least one and no more than two headlamps. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(a) (relating to general lighting requirements).

   (1) Lamps in a headlamp system shall be of Type I or Type II construction. On one-lamp system, the lamp shall be located in the center of the vehicle. On a two-lamp system, the lamps shall be symmetrically located on each side of the vehicle’s vertical centerline.

   (2)  The headlamp low beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 7,500.

   (3)  The headlamp high beam minimum candlepower shall not be less than 10,000.

   (4)  Every headlamp shall be aimed to comply with §  175.190.

   (5)  Approved SAE modulating lamps are legal.

   (6)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a manual dimmer switch conveniently located for use for the driver while in a normal operating position. An automatic dimming device may be used in addition to a manual switch.

   (7)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a beam indicator, which shall be lighted whenever the high beam of light from the headlamp is in use, and shall not otherwise be lighted. The indicator shall be so located that when lighted it is readily visible without glare to the operator of the vehicle.

 (d) Total candlepower. Total candlepower for headlamps and auxiliary lamps shall not exceed 150,000.

 (e) Other required lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have at least one red stop lamp and no more than two stop lamps—one on each side—on the rear of the vehicle, which shall be illuminated immediately upon application of the service brake.

 (f) Illumination except headlamps, fog lamps and auxiliary driving lamps. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have a stop lamp and tail lamp which, under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b) and (d).

   (1) Rear lamps shall be lighted whenever headlamps, fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps are in operation.

   (2)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter may be equipped with turn signals.

   (3)  The turn signals shall have a frequency of flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

   (4)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with one stop lamp. The stop lamp shall be red. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b).

   (5)  The stop lamps shall be operated through a switching arrangement so that any motion of the brake towards the applied position immediately illuminates the stop lamp.

   (6)  The stop lamps shall not be combined with turn signal lamps unless arrangement of the switches or other parts are such that the stop lamp is extinguished when the turn signal is in use.

   (7)  The stop lamps shall be visible for 100 feet in normal sunlight.

   (8)  A motor-driven cycle registered shall be equipped with an alternator, generator or electrical energy storage source capable of providing lighting in compliance with Chapter 153 and SAE J392—Appendix B (relating to motorcycle and motor vehicle cycle electrical system (maintenance of design voltage)—SAE J392)—Maintenance of Design Voltage.

   (9)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with at least one red reflector to the rear.

   (10)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have at least one tail lamp if it was manufactured after 1973 or if originally so equipped.

 (g)  Condition and position of lamps. Lamps shall be properly fastened; direct light properly; be of color not contrary to Tables II, IV and V; and may not be so obstructed by a screen, bar, auxiliary equipment or device as to obscure, change color of or obstruct beam.

 (h)  Ornamental lamps. A lamp not enumerated in this section, and not located as described in Tables III—V of this chapter, is prohibited unless it is available as original equipment. An illuminated sign is prohibited. Flashing or revolving lights are not ornamental lamps. Provisions relating to flashing or revolving lights are located in Chapters 15 and 173 (relating to authorized vehicles and special operating privileges; and flashing or revolving lights on emergency and authorized vehicles).

 (i)  [Reserved].

 (j)  Registration plate lamp. A registration plate lamp, if originally equipped, shall emit white light and make the registration plate visible from a distance of 50 feet to rear.

 (k)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps. Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps may be installed on a motor-driven cycle or motorized pedalcycle if they comply with the following requirements:

   (1)  Fog lamps shall not be substituted for headlamps except under conditions of rain or fog. Fog lamps may be used with lower headlamp beams.

   (2)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall be mounted on front at a height not less than 12 inches nor more than 42 inches above level surface upon which the vehicle stands. Rear fog lamps, if originally installed or offered as optional equipment, are acceptable.

   (3)  Auxiliary lamps and fog lamps shall be aimed when vehicle and lamp assembly are in the straight ahead position with beam not above horizontal centerline of lamp at 25 feet.

   (4)  A vehicle specified under this subchapter may have one and no more than two approved auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps.

   (5)  Auxiliary driving lamps and fog lamps shall not be placed in front of any required lamp.

   (6)  A vehicle equipped with headlamps, auxiliary driving lamps, or fog lamps may not have more than four forward projecting lamps illuminated at the same time.

 (l)  Antique vehicle lighting exemption. An antique vehicle, if operated exclusively between the hours of sunrise to sunset and not during periods of reduced visibility or insufficient illumination, is exempt from requirements of this section except requirements pertaining to stop lamps.

 (m)  Battery fastening. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a system for secure fastening of the battery.

   The provisions of this §  175.175 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of glazing. Glazing shall meet the requirements of Chapter 161 (relating to glazing materials). See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4526 (relating to safety glass).

 (b)  Safety glazing. A vehicle specified under this subchapter may be equipped with a windscreen. Requirements of this subsection do not apply to a vehicle manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1934, if original glazing is not cracked or discolored.

 (c)  Stickers. Out-of-State inspection stickers, tax stamps, road use permits or other government-related permits—all municipalities and states—may be placed at the lower left- or right-hand corner of windscreen.

 (d)  Obstructions. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have glazing free from obstructions as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

   (1)  With the exception of materials in paragraph (3), signs, posters or other materials, whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, may not be placed on the windscreen or a side wing or a side window so as to obstruct, obscure or impair the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, these restrictions do not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of vehicles subject to this subchapter, if so equipped.

   (2)  The requirements of this subsection also apply to glass etchings, except those used for vehicle identification.

   (3)  A sun screening device or other material which does not permit a person to see or view the inside of the vehicle is prohibited unless otherwise permitted by FMVSS No. 205, or a certificate of exemption has been issued in compliance with §  175.265 (relating to exemption provisions). See Table X for specific requirements for vehicles subject to this subchapter.

   The provisions of this §  175.176 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.176 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (132944).

 (a)  Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Rearview mirrors. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with at least one rearview mirror or similar device. If a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued, rearview mirrors, each with a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror, shall be installed on both sides of a motor-driven cycle or motorized pedalcycle. A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (1)  A mirror may not be cracked, broken or discolored.

   (2)  A mirror shall hold adjustment.

   (3)  A mirror shall provide an unobstructed view of highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance of not less than 200 feet.

   (4)  A mirror shall provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror.

 (c)  Obstructions. In a vehicle specified under this subchapter, the rearview mirror shall be free from obstructions as described in §  175.190.

   The provisions of this §  175.177 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4521, 4524, 4703 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of fuel systems. All components in the fuel system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fuel system requirements. The fuel system components shall be leakproof and shall be fastened securely to the vehicle with fasteners designed for that purpose.

 (c)  Accelerator operation. If the vehicle was originally equipped with an accelerator control system, the accelerator control system shall return the engine throttle to idle position when operator removes actuating force from accelerator control.

 (d)  Filler cap. The fuel system shall be equipped with filler cap.

 (e)  Alternate fuel systems. See Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel systems and controls).

 Every motor-driven cycle shall have an operating speedometer calibrated to indicate miles per hour or kilometers per hour, if the vehicle was originally equipped with a speedometer.

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have an operating odometer to indicate total miles or kilometers driven, if the vehicle was originally equipped with an odometer.

 (a)  Condition of exhaust system. All components of the exhaust system shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Exhaust system requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. A muffler or exhaust system may not be equipped with a cutout, bypass or similar device and a muffler may not show evidence of external repair.

   (1)  The exhaust system of a motor-driven cycle or motorized pedalcycle may not be modified in a manner which will amplify or increase noise emitted by the motor of vehicle above the maximum level permitted by Chapter 157 (relating to established sound levels).

   (2)  An exposed exhaust system shall be equipped with an adequate heat shield or protective system or be located to prevent contact by the operator or passenger.

   The provisions of this §  175.181 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of horns and warning devices. All components of a horn or warning device shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Horn and warning device requirements. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have a horn or other warning device which is audible under normal conditions at a distance of not less than 200 feet. No vehicle shall be equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or similar device emitting an unreasonably loud or harsh sound, except emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Fenders. The wheels of a vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with fenders of a type used as original equipment. At no time shall tires come in contact with the body, fenders or chassis of the vehicle.

 (c)  Protruding objects. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have no torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protruding from body.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items on the chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in §  175.190 (relating to inspection procedure).

 (b)  Vehicle frame. A vehicle frame shall be in solid condition.

 (c)  Seats. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with seat for operator which is firmly anchored to frame or support. No metal spring shall protrude from the driver’s seat.

 (d)  Chain guard or drive shaft cover. A covering device, to prevent contact with a rider while in the normal riding position, shall be provided.

 (e)  Stands. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have stands which are required to operate and be strong enough to support the vehicle and stay in proper position when not holding the vehicle in standing position.

 (f)  Hand-hold. A hand-hold device shall be provided if motor-driven cycle or motorized pedalcycle is designed to carry more than one person.

 (g)  Footrests. A vehicle specified under this subchapter operated upon highway shall have footrests or pedals for the person operating and footrests for each person riding upon the vehicle.

 (h)  Highway bars. If the vehicle specified under this subchapter is so equipped, the highway bars shall have a maximum width of 26 inches, shall be located not more than 15 inches from the foot controls and may not interfere with the operation of the foot controls.

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection of motor-driven cycles only shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin:

       (A)   The VIN is not in agreement with the vehicle registration card, title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The VIN plate is not securely fastened or is defaced, misplaced or missing.

     (ii)   When vehicle ownership and legality are demonstrated by presentation of vehicle registration card:

       (A)   The license plate is not in agreement with the numbers on the vehicle registration card. Exception: If only one digit is incorrect or two digits are transposed, and the owner provides evidence that the appropriate Department form has been completed to correct an error or transposition.

       (B)   The license plate is hanging loosely from its mounting bracket.

       (C)   The license plate is obscured so that the numbers cannot be identified.

       (D)   The license plate lamp, if so equipped, does not illuminate the license plate.

     (iii)   Acceptable proof of financial responsibility is not provided. For the purpose of this chapter, financial responsibility shall be proven by one of the following documents:

       (A)   A valid financial responsibility identification card issued in accordance with 31 Pa. Code (relating to insurance).

       (B)   The declaration page of a valid insurance policy.

       (C)   A valid self-insurance identification card.

       (D)   A valid binder of insurance issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

       (E)   A valid insurance policy issued by an insurance company licensed to sell motor vehicle liability insurance in this Commonwealth.

   (2)  Check the glazing.

     (i)   Reject if any of the following apply:

       (A)   Approved safety glazing is not used in the windscreen.

       (B)   A sign, poster or other material whose design prevents a driver from seeing through the material, obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s clear view of the highway or an intersecting highway. Under FMVSS No. 205, this restriction does not apply to the rear side windows, rear wings or rear window of vehicles subject to this subchapter, if so equipped.

       (C)   A vehicle displays a sticker other than those prescribed under §  175.176(c) (relating to glazing), or displays a parking sticker in a location described in §  175.176(d).

       (D)   Glass is shattered or broken or has any exposed sharp edges.

       (E)   There are defects in an acute area of the windscreen—center of the critical area on the driver’s side of the vehicle directly in the driver’s normal line of vision 8 1/2 inches wide and 5 1/2 inches high—or discolorations or hazardous cracks which would interfere with the driver’s vision.

     (ii)   This paragraph does not prohibit the use of a product or material along the top edge of the windscreen as long as the product or material is transparent and does not encroach upon the AS-1 portion of the windscreen as provided by FMVSS No. 205 and the product or material is not more than 3 inches from the top of the windscreen.

   (3)  Check the mirrors and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The mirror is cracked, broken or discolored.

     (ii)   The mirror will not hold adjustment.

     (iii)   The mirror does not provide a minimum reflective surface of 12 1/2 square inches for a flat mirror or 10 square inches for a convex mirror.

     (iv)   Outside rearview mirrors, with a minimum reflective surface as described in §  175.177(b) (relating to mirrors), are not installed on both sides of the vehicle, if a certificate of exemption for a sun screening device or other material has been issued by the Department. See §  175.264 (relating to mirrors). A vehicle for which a certificate of exemption has been issued for medical reasons may be equipped with only a left outside rearview mirror, unless originally equipped with an outside rearview mirror on both sides of the vehicle.

   (4)  Check the fenders and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   A fender—front or rear—has been removed:

     (ii)   A fender is not of a type and size used as original equipment.

   (5)  Check the lamps and lenses and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   An exterior bulb or sealed beam, if originally equipped or installed, fails to light properly, except ornamental lights.

     (ii)   The turn signal lamps do not flash between 60—120 flashes per minute.

     (iii)   The turn signal lamps do not properly indicate the right or left when so switched.

     (iv)   The lamp shows a color contrary to Tables IV or V (relating to required motor vehicle lighting equipment; and location of required equipment), as applicable.

     (v)   The lamp or filament indicated at switch position does not light when the correct switch indicates the lamp should be on.

     (vi)   The lamp has a missing or broken lens.

     (vii)   A required lamp is missing.

     (viii)   Auxiliary equipment is placed on, in or in front of any lamp.

     (ix)   The fog lamps operate with high beams of headlamps.

     (x)   Auxiliary driving lamps operate with the low beam of standard headlamp system or alone.

     (xi)   The headlamps are out of adjustment as follows:

       (A)   Mechanical aimer:

         (I)   The horizontal aim is more than 4 inches to the left or right.

         (II)   The vertical aim is higher or lower than 4 inches from center.

       (B)   Screen or photo electric type tester. See Charts 1—3 (relating to headlight aiming screen distance and marking identification; high beam inspection limits; and low beam inspection limits):

         (I)   Turn the lamps on high beam and reject if the center of the beam is horizontally more than 4 inches to the right or left of straight ahead or if the center of the light beam is vertically more than 4 inches above or below horizontal line.

         (II)   Turn the lamps on low beam and reject if upper edge of beam is more than 4 inches above or below horizontal centerline of headlamp or if inner edge of beam is more than 4 inches to right or left of vertical line.

   (6)  Check for protruding metal and reject if torn metal, glass or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from surface of vehicle so as to create a hazard.

   (7)  Check the fuel tank cap and reject if the fuel tank filler cap is missing.

   (8)  Check the battery and reject if the battery is not securely fastened.

 (b)  Internal inspection. An internal inspection of motor-driven cycles only shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Check the high beam and turn signal indicator lamps and reject if the indicator lamps are not working.

   (2)  Check the horn and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is no horn or other acceptable audible warning device.

     (ii)   The horn or other warning device is not audible under normal conditions for a distance of not less than 200 feet.

     (iii)   A vehicle is equipped with a siren, bell, whistle or a device emitting harsh or unreasonably loud sound except emergency vehicles and vehicles equipped with an anti-theft device.

   (3)  Check the brake system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is excessive friction in the control linkage or components, or if the control levers are misaligned or improperly positioned.

     (ii)   There is mechanical damage other than wear.

   (4)  Check the motor mounts and reject if motor mounts are broken.

   (5)  Check the fuel systems and controls and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   There is liquid fuel leakage at any point in system.

     (ii)   Part of the fuel line is not securely fastened.

     (iii)   The fuel tank or line was not specifically designed or manufactured as fuel tank or line.

     (iv)   The fuel line is in contact with high temperature surfaces or moving parts.

     (v)   The fuel tank or line intrudes into a driver, passenger or cargo compartment, except if the vehicle was originally so designed. If the vehicle is equipped with an alternate fuel system, see Subchapter M (relating to alternate fuel system and controls).

     (vi)   The throttle, if originally equipped, does not return to the idle position when actuating force is removed.

 (c)  Beneath the vehicle inspection. A beneath the vehicle inspection of motor-driven cycles only shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Inspect the tires and wheels and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   A tire has two adjacent treads with less than 1/32-inch tread remaining.

     (ii)   Part of the ply or cord is exposed.

     (iii)   A tire has been repaired with blow-out patch.

     (iv)   There is a bump, bulge or separation.

     (v)   A tire is marked ‘‘not for highway use,’’ ‘‘for racing purposes only’’ or ‘‘unsafe for highway use,’’ or has a similar designation.

     (vi)   There are other conditions or markings reasonably believed to render tire unsafe for highway use.

     (vii)   A tire has been regrooved or recut.

     (viii)   The wheel nuts or bolts are missing or loose or have improper thread engagement.

     (ix)   The stud or bolt holes are worn out of round.

     (x)   Part of the wheel is bent, cracked, welded or damaged so as to affect safe operation of vehicle.

     (xi)   The rear wheel does not track front wheel track in the straight ahead position within 1 inch to either side.

     (xii)   Studded tires are in use after April 15 and before November 1.

     (xiii)   A tire extends beyond outer edge of wheel housing or exceeds the manufacturer’s specification as to size.

   (2)  Inspect the steering system and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i)   The handlebars or grips are higher than the operator’s shoulder level when properly seated upon vehicle.

     (ii)   The handlebars are not of sturdy construction.

     (iii)   The handlebars restrict the front fork movement.

     (iv)   The handlebars do not provide a minimum of 18 inches between the grip ends.

     (v)   The handlebars are not equipped with grips of nonslip design and material.

     (vi)   Measured movement at the front or rear of the tire is greater than 1/4 inch in relation to the axle shaft.

     (vii)   The linkage components are not secured with cotter pins or other suitable devices.

     (viii)   The steering stops allow a tire to rub on the frame or chassis parts.

     (ix)   The front wheel is incapable of being turned to the right and left steering stops without binding or interference.

   (3) Inspect the vehicle frame and reject if any of the following apply:

     (i) The vehicle frame is not in solid condition.

     (ii)   A repair is made with tape, tar paper or cloth, or is made in another temporary manner.

     (iii)   The frame components are missing, cracked, rotted or broken or are in a deteriorated or dangerous condition.

     (iv)   The chain guard or other covering device is missing.

     (v)   The stand does not operate or is not strong enough to support vehicle.

     (vi)   The hand-hold device is not provided if motorcycle is designed to carry more than one person.

     (vii)   The footrests or pedals are not provided for each person operating or footrests are not provided for each person riding upon the vehicle.

     (viii)   The highway bars exceed maximum width of 26 inches or are located more than 15 inches from foot controls.

   (4)  Inspect exhaust system and reject if one or more of the following apply:

     (i)   The vehicle has no muffler or muffler has external repair.

     (ii)   There are loose or leaking joints.

     (iii)   There are holes, cracks or leaking seams in the exhaust system.

     (iv)   There is a muffler cutout or similar device.

     (v)   The elements are not securely fastened with proper clamps and hangers.

     (vi)   The exposed exhaust system does not have an adequate heat shield or protective system or is not located to prevent contact with riders.

 (d)  Road test. Perform a road test and reject if any of the following apply:

   (1)  The vehicle is not capable of stopping within the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I.

   (2)  There is a malfunction of the braking or steering mechanism—particularly shimmy, wander, or pull—or another questionable operating behavior that affects safe operation of vehicle.

   (3)  The speedometer, if originally equipped, does not operate.

   (4)  The odometer, if originally equipped, does not operate, except motor-driven cycles at least 25 years old.

   (5)  The vehicle cannot be driven forward.

 (e)  Exemption. A motorized pedal cycle is exempt from inspection.

   The provisions of this §  175.190 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521, 4524, 4702 and 6103.

   The provisions of this §  175.190 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; delayed February 11, 1983, 13 Pa.B. 708; except subsection (c)(1)(xiii), effectiveness of which has been indefinitely postponed until further notice, to the extent that these portions of the regulations prohibit placement of oversize tires that remain within the body line of vehicles and require the rejection of inspected vehicles equipped with these tires; amended December 30, 1983, effective December 31, 1983, 18 Pa.B. 4023; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362; amended February 18, 1994, effective February 19, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 962; amended September 27, 1996, effective September 28, 1996, 26 Pa.B. 4640; amended November 13, 1998, effective May 13, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 5670. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (221313) to (221319).

   The provisions of this §  175.194 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; reserved October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (73503).

Subchapter K. STREET RODS, SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED AND
RECONSTRUCTED VEHICLES

Sec.

 The equipment standards set forth in this subchapter apply to all street rods, specially constructed vehicles and reconstructed vehicles being driven on highways.

 All parts of a vehicle must comply with this subchapter and Subchapters E—H and J.

   The provisions of this §  175.202 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended April 30, 1982, subsection (h) effective November 1, 1982, provided that the existing subsection (h)(1) and (2) remains in effect to recording inspections for inspection campaigns beginning prior to the foregoing effective date, 12 Pa.B. 1400; reserved July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (82391).

 (a)  Condition of braking systems. Braking systems and components shall be compatible and in safe operating condition as described in § §  175.80, 175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220.

 (b)  Service brakes. The service brakes shall act on all wheels upon application and shall be capable of stopping the vehicle in not more than the maximum stopping distance prescribed in Table I (relating to brake performance). Every street rod, specially constructed vehicle and reconstructed vehicle shall be equipped with a service brake system which is identical to the originally manufactured brake system; except, if the original system has been modified or the street rod has rear tires wider than 9 inches, the service brake system shall be of a design that rupture or failure of either the front or rear brake system will not result in the complete loss of braking function. Braking function may be obtained by hydraulic or other means through a normal brake mechanism. In the event of a rupture or failure of actuating force component, unaffected brakes shall be capable of applying adequate braking force to the vehicle.

 (c)  Refuse trucks. A vehicle reconstructed as a refuse truck and designed to be operated from an unconventional location—usually the right side of the vehicle—shall be equipped with a system that prevents movement of the vehicle when the operator is not at the controls. This system shall engage the brakes and lock the transmission in neutral. This system need be operative only when the vehicle is being operated from the unconventional location.

   The provisions of this §  175.203 adopted December 2, 1977, effective February 1, 1978, 7 Pa.B. 3499; amended July 31, 1981, effective August 1, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 2686; reserved July 9, 1982, effective July 10, 1982, 12 Pa.B. 2181; amended October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (82391) to (82392).

 (a)  Condition of tires. Tires shall be in safe operating condition as described in this subchapter and Subchapters E—H and J.

 (b)  Tire width. The front tires on a street rod shall have a minimum width of 5 inches. If the rear tires on a street rod are wider than 9 inches, the vehicle shall be equipped with a dual service brake system, see §  175.203(b) (relating to braking systems).

 A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have hazard warning lamps if so originally equipped which, under normal atmospheric conditions, shall be capable of being seen and distinguished during nighttime operation at a distance of 500 feet. See 75 Pa.C.S. §  4303(b), (c) and (d) (relating to general lighting requirements).

 (a)  Condition of windshield. A windshield shall be in safe operating condition as described in § §  175.80, 175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 and this subchapter.

 (b)  Requirements. Glazing shall meet following requirements:

   (1)  A windshield may not be less than 7 inches in vertical height on a street rod and 12 inches vertical height on reconstructed vehicles and specially constructed vehicles. If the original body configuration provided by a recognized manufacturer had a windshield of less than 12 inches, reconstructed vehicles and specially constructed vehicles may use the original windshield size, except that this size may not be less than 7 inches.

   (2)  A windshield and side windows or openings shall allow the driver minimum outward horizontal vision capability of 90° from each side of the vertical plane passing through the fore and aft centerline of the vehicle. This range of vision may be interrupted by window framing not exceeding 2 inches in width and windshield door post support areas not exceeding 4 inches in width.

 (c)  Obstructions forward of the windshield. A vehicle specified under this subchapter may not have obstruction forward of the windshield which extends more than 2 inches upward into the horizontally projected vision area of the windshield with the exception of the windshield wiper components.

   The provisions of this §  175.206 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 (a)  Condition of mirrors. Mirrors shall be in safe operating condition as described in § §  175.80, 175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 and this subchapter.

 (b)  Mirrors. A specially constructed or reconstructed vehicle designed to be operated from an unconventional location—usually the right side—shall have sufficient mirrors for the operator to view the front and both sides and rear of the vehicle for a distance not less than 200 feet from any operator location.

 (a)  Condition of body. All items on the body shall be in safe operating condition as described in § §  175.80, 175.110, 175.130, 175.160, 175.190 and 175.220 (relating to inspection procedure) and this subchapter.

 (b)  Fenders. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall have fenders on all wheels which cover the entire tread width of a tire that comes in contact with the road surface. The tire tread circumference coverage shall be from at least 15 degrees front to at least 75 degrees rear of the vertical centerline at each wheel, measured from the center of wheel rotation.

 (c)  Hood—street rods only. A street rod is required to have a hood which covers the top of the entire engine compartment. Street rod engine compartment sides may remain open.

 (d)  Doors. A door shall be installed for any location from which a refuse truck is to be operated. If the vehicle is equipped with dual controls, a door shall be installed at each control position.

 (a)  Condition of chassis. All items of a chassis shall be in safe operating condition as described in this subchapter and Subchapters E—H and J.

 (b)  Bumpers. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall be equipped with front and rear bumpers securely attached to the chassis, except when the original body configuration provided by a recognized manufacturer did not include bumpers in the design of the vehicle.

   (1)  Some part of the horizontal bumper of a passenger vehicle and all street rods shall fall within 12—20 inches above ground level.

   (2)  Some part of the horizontal bumper of a truck shall fall within 16—30 inches above ground level.

 (c)  Scrub line. A vehicle specified under this subchapter shall meet the minimum scrub line requirements. See Chart 5 (relating to scrub line).

   (1)  A scrub line is an imaginary surface created if lines were drawn from the bottom of the wheel rim on one side to the bottom of the tire on the other side. When lines are drawn from both sides, an ‘‘X’’ under the vehicle suspension is created. A suspension or chassis component may not be below the top portion of this imaginary ‘‘X.’’

   (2)  Only exhaust systems and sheet metal may extend below the scrub line.

   The provisions of this §  175.209 amended under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § §  4103, 4301, 4501, 4521 and 6103.

 A vehicle described under this subchapter designed to be operated from an unconventional location shall have all controls and switches listed as follows positioned so they may be conveniently operated from each operator location:

   (1)  A steering wheel.

   (2)  A gear shift.

   (3)  Brake controls.

   (4)  Windshield wiper controls.

   (5)  A speedometer.

   (6)  A headlamp and tail lamp control.

   (7)  A turn signal control.

   (8)  A defroster control.

   (9)  A hazard warning light control.

   (10)  A horn or warning device activator.

 A vehicle shall be inspected by a certified inspection mechanic to insure the vehicle conforms to Vehicle Code and this title prior to titling. The vehicle owner shall not be the inspecting mechanic. A certificate of inspection shall not be issued upon initial inspection. After the title and registration have been issued, an inspection station shall reinspect the vehicle to make certain the vehicle still complies with this chapter and only then shall a certificate of inspection be issued. Failure to follow proper inspection procedures in either of the two inspections listed in this chapter will be reasonable grounds to suspend the station and mechanic under Subchapter D (relating to schedule of penalties and suspensions: official inspection stations and certified mechanics).

   The provisions of this §  175.211 adopted October 29, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3862; corrected November 12, 1982, effective February 1, 1983, 12 Pa.B. 3947; readopted December 2, 1988, effective December 3, 1988, 18 Pa.B. 5362. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (77583).

 (a)  External inspection. An external inspection shall be performed as follows:

   (1)  Verify ownership, legality and proof of financial responsibility. For the purpose of this subchapter, ownership and legality shall be proven by a vehicle registration card, certificate of title or manufacturer’s statement of origin. Reject if one or more of the following apply: