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CHAPTER 1910. ACTIONS FOR SUPPORT Rule
1910.1. Scope. Definitions.
1910.2. Venue. Transfer of Action.
1910.2-1. Procedures Pursuant to the Intrastate Family Support Act.
1910.3. Parties.
1910.4. Commencement of Action. Fee.
1910.5. Complaint. Order of Court.
1910.6. Notification.
1910.7. No Pleading by Defendant Required. Question of Jurisdiction or Venueor Statute of Limitations in Paternity.
1910.8. [Rescinded].
1910.9. Discovery.
1910.10. Alternative Hearing Procedures.
1910.11. Office Conference. Subsequent Proceedings. Order.
1910.12. Office Conference. Hearing. Record. Exceptions. Order.
1910.13. [Rescinded].
1910.13-1. Failure or Refusal to Appear Pursuant to Order of Court. Bench Warrant.
1910.13-2. Form of Request for Bench Warrant and Supporting Affidavit. Form of Bench Warrant.
1910.14. Defendant Leaving Jurisdiction. Security.
1910.15. Paternity.
1910.16. Support Order. Allocation.
1910.16-1. Amount of Support. Support Guidelines.
1910.16-2. Support Guidelines. Calculation of Net Income.
1910.16-3. Support Guidelines. Basic Child Support Schedule.
1910.16-4. Support Guidelines. Calculation of Support Obligation. Formula.
1910.16-5. Support Guidelines. Deviation.
1910.16-6. Support Guidelines. Adjustments to the Basic Support Obligation.
1910.16-7. Support Guidelines. Awards of Child Support When There are Multiple Families.
1910.17. Support Order. Effective Date. Change of Circumstances. Copies of Order.
1910.18. Support Order. Subsequent Proceedings.
1910.19. Support. Modification. Termination. Guidelines as Substantial Change inCircumstance.
1910.20. Support Order. Enforcement. General.
1910.21. Support Order. Enforcement. Withholding of Income.
1910.21-1. Renumbered.
1910.21-2. Renumbered.
1910.21-3. Renumbered.
1910.21-4. Renumbered.
1910.21-5. Renumbered.
1910.21-6. Renumbered.
1910.21-7. Renumbered.
1910.22. Support Order. Enforcement. Liens Against Real Property.
1910.23. Support Order. Enforcement. Attachment of Assets Held by Financial Institutions.
1910.23-1. [Rescinded].
1910.23-2. [Rescinded].
1910.24. Support Order. Enforcement. Judgment for Arrearages. Petition to Correct Judgment. Execution.
1910.25. Enforcement. Support Order. Civil Contempt. Petition. Service. No Answer Required.
1910.25-1. Civil Contempt. Hearing by Court. Conference by Officer.
1910.25-2. Civil Contempt. Office Conference. Agreement. Alternative Procedures Upon Faliure to Agree.
1910.25-3. Civil Contempt. Conference Summary. Order. Hearing De Novo.
1910.25-4. Civil Contempt. Alternative Procedure. Record Hearing. Report. Exceptions. Order.
1910.25-5. Civil Contempt. Contempt Order. Incarceration.
1910.25-6. Civil Contempt. No Post Trial Relief.
1910.25-7. Indirect Criminal Contempt. Incarceration.
1910.26. Support Order. Enforcement. Story of Proceedings. Special Relief.
1910.27. Form of Complaint. Order. Income Statements and Expense Statements. Health Insurance Coverage Information Form. Form of Support Order. Form Petition for Modification.
1910.28. Order for Earnings and Health Insurance Information. Form of Earnings Report. Form of Health Insurance Coverage Information.
1910.29. Conduct of Record Hearing. Evidence.
1910.30. [Rescinded].
1910.31. [Rescinded].
1910.49. Acts of Assembly Not Suspended.
1910.50. Suspension of Acts of Assembly.Source Nothing in this rule should be interpreted to eliminate the distinctions between spousal support and alimony pendente lite which are established by case law.
Alimony pendente lite must be distinguished from permanent alimony for purposes of this rule. The rule applies only to alimony pendente lite. The procedure for obtaining permanent alimony is governed by Section 3702 of the Divorce Code, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3702, and Rules of Civil Procedure 1920.1 et seq. Agreements for alimony approved by the court in connection with actions for divorce under Section 3701 of the Divorce Code are deemed to be court orders enforceable under Section 3703 of the Code.
Section 3105(a) of the Divorce Code provides that all agreements relating to matters under the code, whether or not merged or incorporated into the decree, are to be treated as orders for purposes of enforcement unless the agreement provides otherwise. Subdivision (b)(1) is amended to conform to the statute.
There is considerable diversity in the terminology used throughout the rules, and in the various counties, to describe the individuals who conduct conferences and hearings pursuant to the support rules. The addition of subdivision (c) to the rules standardizes terminology and eliminates the confusion which results from individual counties using inconsistent terms to refer to persons performing the same function. All references in the rules to conference or hearing officers have been amended to conform to the terminology set forth in subdivision (c).
In an effort to further standardize the terminology used in support matters, the additional terms are defined.
Explanatory Comment2000 Act 1998-127 technically amended Act 1997-58 to define and differentiate between past due and overdue support to clarify that only overdue support constitutes a lien by operation of law against the obligors real or personal property. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4302 now defines overdue support as support which is delinquent under a payment schedule established by the court. Past due support is defined as support included in an order of support which has not been paid.
The definitions of past due and overdue support in this rule do not substantively change the legislative definitions. They merely elaborate on them in terms which are more familiar and helpful to the bench and bar. Specifically, past due support consists of the purely retroactive arrearages which accumulate between the date of the filing of the complaint or petition for modification and the date of the hearing and entry of the initial or modified support order. Overdue support refers to the delinquent arrearages which accrue after entry of the order due to the obligors failure to pay support pursuant to the order.
These definitions are important for determining the remedies available for collecting support arrearages. Pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4352(d), only overdue support (delinquent arrearages) constitutes a lien by operation of law against the obligors property. Conversely, past due support (retroactive arrears) does not operate as a lien against this property as long as the obligor remains current on the support order.
Rule 1910.20 extends this legislative distinction between overdue and past due support to the following remedies available to collect support: (1) consumer agency reporting under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4303; (2) suspension of licenses under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4355; and (3) the full range of new collection remedies under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4305(b)(10). Accordingly, these remedies are available only to collect overdue support. They are not available to collect past due support as long as the obligor remains current on the order. If, however, the obligor subsequently defaults on the support order, Rule 1910.20(c) provides that any past due support still owing under the order immediately becomes overdue support subject to the full range of collection remedies. It remains overdue support until collected in full.
Pursuant to Rule 1910.20(c), all overdue support, including past due support which has converted to overdue support, remains subject to Act 58 remedies until paid in full. Any repayment plan subsequently agreed to by the parties, or ordered by the court pursuant to a contempt proceeding (including any arrearage component), does not preclude the use of these remedies for collecting overdue support more quickly, whenever feasible.
In cases involving past due support only, the obligee is not entirely without remedy in the event that additional income or assets of the obligor are discovered after the hearing which would enable collection of past due support more quickly. In these cases, identification of those income sources or assets provides a basis for modification pursuant to Rule 1910.19. Modification includes increasing the rate of repayment on past due support and, if appropriate, ordering that the past due support be paid in full. In these cases, the obligee may also petition the court for special relief pursuant to Rule 1910.26 to have the income or assets frozen and seized pending the petition for modification in order to secure payment of past due support.
Explanatory Comment2007 Act 43-2005, July 7, 2005, P. L. 196, repealed the Act of June 24, 1937 (P. L. 2045, No. 397), known as The Support Law and added Chapter 46 to the Domestic Relations Code, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4601 et seq. Section 4 of Act 43-2005 states that the addition of Chapter 46 is a continuation of the Act of June 24, 1937 (P. L. 2045, No. 397). Chapter 46 addresses the responsibility of certain family members to maintain indigent relatives, whether or not the indigent person is a public charge. New subdivision (b)(3) clarifies that the support rules and guidelines do not apply to actions brought under Chapter 46 of the Domestic Relations Code.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.1 amended November 7, 1988, effective January 1, 1989, 18 Pa.B. 5326; amended March 30, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 1953; amended April 15, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 2296; amended December 8, 1994, effective July 1, 1995, 24 Pa.B. 6399; amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155; amended February 2, 2007, effective February 3, 2007, 37 Pa.B. 522. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (324674) and (293831).
Rule 1910.2. Venue. Transfer of Action.
(a) An action may be brought in
(1) the county in which the defendant resides, or
(2) the county in which the defendant is regularly employed, or
(3) the county in which the plaintiff resides and that county is the county in which the last marital domicile was located and in which the plaintiff has continued to reside.
(4) the county in which the child resides if the relief sought includes child support.
Official Note
If an action for support is brought in the county in which the plaintiff resides but that county is not the county in which the last family domicile was located and in which the plaintiff has continued to reside, the action shall proceed in accordance with the Revised Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (1968), 23 Pa.C.S. § 4501 et seq. if the defendant is outside the Commonwealth, or in accordance with 23 Pa.C.S. § 4533 which provides for intrastate application of RURESA if the defendant is within the Commonwealth, and not in accordance with these Rules.
(b) Where jurisdiction is acquired over the defendant pursuant to the long arm statute, 23 Pa.C.S. § 4342(c), the action may be brought in the county where the plaintiff resides.
Official Note
23 Pa.C.S. § 7201 sets forth the specific bases for long arm jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant.
(c) If, at the time of the filing of the action, there is a divorce or custody action pending between the parties in an appropriate court in another county, the court upon good cause shown may transfer the support action to that county.
(d) For the convenience of the parties and witnesses the court may transfer an action to the appropriate court of any other county where the action could have been brought at the time of transfer.
Official Note
The standards for transfer of an action for the convenience of parties and witnesses are the same as the standards under Rule 1006(d).
(e) A support order may be enforced in accordance with the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 7101 et seq., if the defendant resides outside the Commonwealth, or in accordance with the Intrastate Family Support Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 8101 et seq., if the defendant resides in another county within the Commonwealth.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.2 amended June 20, 1985, effective January 1, 1986, 15 Pa.B. 2452; amended November 7, 1988, effective January 1, 1989, 18 Pa.B. 5326; amended December 8, 1994, effective July 1, 1995, 24 Pa.B. 6399; amended December 18, 1998, effective January 1, 1999, 29 Pa.B. 16; amended October 31, 2002, effective immediately, 32 Pa.B. 5632. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (267729) to (267730).
Rule 1910.2-1. Procedures Pursuant to the Intrastate Family Support Act.
(a) The court in the county in which the complaint for support is filed shall retain and process the case for so long as all of the following conditions are met:
(1) there is proper venue pursuant to Rule 1910.2;
(2) the defendant-obligors mailing address is known;
(3) sufficient information is known about the defendant-obligors employment to enable the court to issue an earnings subpoena; and
(4) the obligee consents.
Official Note
A support action should be maintained in the county in which the obligee and/or the child(ren) reside and should not involve a second county unless the county of residence is unable to obtain service on the defendant-obligor or obtain information regarding the defendant-obligors employment. However, the obligee is permitted to request that the case proceed under the Intrastate Family Support Act (IFSA) in accordance with 23 Pa.C.S. § 8103.
If the venue requirements are met, the court in the obligees county of residence should attempt to retain the case if there already is an order in that county against the same defendant-obligor in this or another child/spousal support case or if the defendant-obligor is incarcerated.
(b) If courts in two or more counties must be involved in the establishment and enforcement of an obligation for support:
(1) the case must proceed pursuant to the Intrastate Family Support Act; and
(2) venue shall follow the defendant-obligor in order to maintain the availability of statutory enforcement remedies.
(c) A support order shall not be registered in another county unless:
(1) requested by the obligee, or
(2) necessary to maintain an order for support, to obtain payment of the support obligation or to consolidate multiple cases involving the same defendant-obligor.
(d) Only one support order shall be charging against a defendant-obligor for the same spouse and/or child(ren) at one time.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.2-1 adopted October 31, 2002, effective immediately, 32 Pa.B. 5632.
Rule 1910.3. Parties.
An action shall be brought
(a) by a person, including a minor parent or a minor spouse, to whom a duty of support is owing, or
(b) on behalf of a minor child by a person having custody of the child, without appointment as guardian ad litem, or
(c) on behalf of a minor child by a person caring for the child regardless of whether a court order has been issued granting that person custody of the child, or
(d) by a public body or private agency having an interest in the case, maintenance or assistance of a person to whom a duty of support is owing, or
(e) by a parent, guardian or public or private agency on behalf of an unemancipated child over eighteen years of age to whom a duty of support is owing.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.3 amended March 2, 2000, effective immediately, 30 Pa.B. 1646; amended October 30, 2001, effective immediately, 21 Pa.B. 6273. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (267731).
Rule 1910.4. Commencement of Action. Fee.
(a) An action shall be commenced by filing a complaint with the domestic relations section of the court of common pleas.
Official Note
For the form of the complaint, see Rule 1910.27(a).
Section 961 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 961, provides that each court of common pleas shall have a domestic relations section.
(b) No filing fee shall be required in advance.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.4 amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (265459).
Rule 1910.5. Complaint. Order of Court.
(a) The complaint shall be substantially in the form provided by Rule 1910.27(a).
(b) The complaint shall not contain a notice to defend or be endorsed with a notice to plead.
Official Note
Neither Rule 1018.1 nor Rule 1361 applies to a complaint in an action for support.
(c) An order shall be attached at the front of the complaint directing the defendant to appear before an officer for a conference at the time and place directed by the court. The order shall be substantially in the form provided by Rule 1910.27(b).
Official Note
For service of original process in support matters, see Rule 1930.4.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.5 amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (265459).
Rule 1910.6. Notification.
Parties to a support action and their attorneys shall be provided notice of all proceedings in which support obligations might be established or modified. Notice must be provided at least 20 days prior to the proceeding. The parties and their attorneys shall also be provided with a copy of any order issued in the support action within 14 days after issuance of the order. If there is no activity in a support action for a period of three years, the domestic relations section shall send a notice to each of the parties attorneys advising each attorney that his or her appearance in the support action shall be deemed to be withdrawn unless the attorney objects within thirty (30) days of the date the notice is mailed to the attorney. An attorney representing a party in a support action shall not be deemed to be representing that party in any other action, nor shall a withdrawal of appearance in a support action be deemed to be a withdrawal of appearance for the party in any other proceeding.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.6 rescinded June 20, 1985, effective January 1, 1986, 15 Pa.B. 2452; amended October 2, 1995, effective January 1, 1996, 25 Pa.B. 4518; amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155; amended October 30, 2001, effective immediately, 31 Pa.B. 6273. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (267732).
Rule 1910.7. No Pleading by Defendant Required. Question of
Jurisdiction or Venue or Statute of Limitations in Paternity.(a) No pleading by the defendant shall be required, but if defendant elects to file a pleading, the domestic relations office conference required by the order of court shall not be delayed.
(b) If defendant raises a question of jurisdiction or venue or in paternity cases the defense of the statute of limitations, the court shall promptly dispose of the question and may, in an appropriate case, stay the domestic relations office conference.
Rule 1910.8. [Rescinded].
Official Note
The provisions in this Rule now appear in Rule 1910.2(a) through (f).
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.8 amended November 7, 1988, effective January 1, 1989, 18 Pa.B. 5326; rescinded December 18, 1998, effective January 1, 1999, 29 Pa.B. 16. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (231363).
Rule 1910.9. Discovery.
(a) Except as provided in Rule 1910.11(j) and Rule 1910.12(c), there shall be no discovery in an action for support unless authorized by special order of court.
Official Note
The rule relating to discovery in domestic relations matters generally is Rule 1930.5.
(b) Where a party is employed, the court shall ascertain the partys earnings and may enter an order directing the employer to furnish earnings information to the court as provided by Rule 1910.28.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.9 amended May 5, 1997, effective July 1, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 2532; amended March 2, 2000, effective immediately, 30 Pa.B. 1646; amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (265460).
Rule 1910.10. Alternative Hearing Procedures.
(a) The action shall proceed as prescribed by Rule 1910.11 unless the court by local rule adopts the alternative hearing procedure of Rule 1910.12.
(b) The president judge or the administrative judge of Family Division of each county shall certify that all support proceedings in that county are conducted in accordance with either Rule 1910.11 or Rule 1910.12. The certification shall be filed with the Domestic Relations Procedural Rules Committee, and shall be substantially in the following form:
I hereby certify that
County conducts its support proceedings in accordance with Rule
.
(PRESIDENT JUDGE) (ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE)
Official Note
Pursuant to Rule 1910.10, the following counties have certified to the Domestic Relations Procedural Rules Committee that their support proceedings are conducted in accordance with the rule specified below.
Adams 1910.11 Allegheny 1910.12 Armstrong 1910.12 Beaver 1910.11 Bedford 1910.11 Berks 1910.12 Blair 1910.11 Bradford 1910.12 Bucks 1910.11 Butler 1910.11 Cambria 1910.12 Cameron 1910.11 Carbon 1910.12 Centre 1910.11 Chester 1910.12 Clarion 1910.12 Clearfield 1910.11 Clinton 1910.11 Columbia 1910.12 Crawford 1910.11 Cumberland 1910.12 Dauphin 1910.11 Delaware 1910.11 Elk 1910.12 Erie 1910.11 Fayette 1910.11 Forest 1910.12 Franklin 1910.11 Fulton 1910.11 Greene 1910.11 Huntingdon 1910.11 Indiana 1910.12 Jefferson 1910.11 Juniata 1910.11 Lackawanna 1910.12 Lancaster 1910.11 Lawrence 1910.11 Lebanon 1910.12 Lehigh 1910.12 Luzerne 1910.12 Lycoming 1910.12 McKean 1910.12 Mercer 1910.11 Mifflin 1910.11 Monroe 1910.12 Montgomery 1910.11 Montour 1910.12 Northampton 1910.11 Northumberland 1910.11 Perry 1910.11 Philadelphia 1910.12 Pike 1910.11 Potter 1910.11 Schuylkill 1910.12 Snyder 1910.11 Somerset 1910.12 Sullivan 1910.11 Susquehanna 1910.12 Tioga 1910.12 Union 1910.11 Venango 1910.12 Warren 1910.12 Washington 1910.12 Wayne 1910.11 Westmoreland 1910.12 Wyoming 1910.11 York 1910.11
Source The domestic relations office conference provided by Rule 1910.11 constitutes the heart of the support procedure. There are two primary advantages to the inclusion of a conference. First, in many cases the parties will agree upon an amount of support and a final order will be prepared, to be entered by the court, thus dispensing with a judicial hearing. Second, those cases which do go to hearing can proceed more quickly because the necessary factual information has already been gathered by the conference officer.
Subdivision (a)(2) prohibits certain officers of the court from practicing family law before fellow officers of the same court. These officers are the conference officer who is an attorney (Rule 1910.11), the hearing officer (Rule 1910.12), and the standing or permanent master who is employed by the court (Rule 1920.51). The amendments are not intended to apply to the attorney who is appointed occasionally to act as a master in a divorce action.
Subdivision (e)(3) makes clear that even if the parties agree on an amount of support, the conference officer is still empowered to recommend to the court that the agreement be disapproved. This provision is intended to protect the destitute spouse who might out of desperation agree to an amount of support that is unreasonably low or which would in effect bargain away the rights of the children. The officers disapproval of the agreement serves to prevent an inadequate order being entered unwittingly by the court.
The provision for an interim order in subdivision (f) serves two purposes. First, it ensures that the obligee will receive needed support for the period during which the judicial determination is sought. Second, it eliminates the motive of delay in seeking a judicial determination.
Because the guidelines are income driven, the trier of fact has little need for the expense information required in the Income and Expense Statement. Therefore in guideline cases, the rule no longer requires that expense information be provided. If a party feels that there are expenses so extraordinary that they merit consideration by the trier of fact, that party is free to provide the information. In cases decided according to Melzer v. Witsberger, 505 Pa. 462, 480 A.2d 991 (1984), living expenses are properly considered, and therefore must be presented on the Income and Expense Statement.
Explanatory Comment1995 Rule 1910.11(e) is amended to eliminate the need for a party to request a copy of the conference summary.
Because the court is required to enter a guideline order on the basis of the conference officers recommendation, there is no need for (g)(2), which provided for a hearing before the court where an order was not entered within five days of the conference. It is eliminated accordingly.
Pursuant to subdivision (g), support payments are due and owing under the interim order which continues in effect until the court enters a final order after the hearing de novo. The provision for an interim order serves two purposes. First, it ensures that the obligee will receive needed support for the period during which the judicial determination is sought. Second, it eliminates the motive of delay in seeking a judicial determination. Therefore, the plaintiff and the dependent children are not prejudiced by allowing the court sixty days, rather than the original forty-five, in which to enter its final order.
Explanatory Comment2006 The time for filing a written demand for a hearing before the court has been expanded from ten to twenty days. The purpose of this amendment is to provide ample opportunity for litigants and counsel to receive notice of the entry of the order, to assure commonwealth-wide consistency in calculation of time for filing and to conform to applicable general civil procedural rules.
The amendments reflect the separated Income Statement and Expense Statements in Rule 1910.27(c).
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.11 adopted April 23, 1981, effective July 22, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 1625; amended October 19, 1983, effective January 1, 1984, 13 Pa.B. 3629; amended November 7, 1988, effective January 1, 1989, 18 Pa.B. 5326; amended September 29, 1989, effective October 15, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 4451; amended March 30, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 1953; amended December 2, 1994, effective March 1, 1995, 24 Pa.B. 6263; amended September 8, 1995, effective January 1, 1996, 25 Pa.B. 4095; amended May 5, 1997, effective July 1, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 2532; amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155; amended August 8, 2006, effective immediately, 36 Pa.B. 4709; amended November 8, 2006, effective February 6, 2007, 36 Pa.B. 7113; amended October 30, 2007, effective immediately, 37 Pa.B. 5976. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (324675) to (324677).
Rule 1910.12. Office Conference. Hearing. Record. Exceptions. Order.
(a) There shall be an office conference as provided by Rule 1910.11(a) through (d).
(b)(1) At the conclusion of a conference attended by both parties, if an agreement for support has not been reached, and the conference and hearing are not scheduled on the same day, the court, without hearing the parties, shall enter an interim order calculated in accordance with the guidelines and substantially in the form set forth in Rule 1910.27(e), and the parties shall be given notice of the date, time and place of a hearing. A record hearing shall be conducted by a hearing officer who must be a lawyer.
(2) If the defendant, having been properly served, fails to attend the conference, the court shall enter an interim order calculated in accordance with the guidelines and substantially in the form set forth in Rule 1910.27(e). Within twenty days after the date of receipt or the date of mailing of the interim order, whichever occurs first, either party may demand a hearing before a hearing officer. If no hearing is requested, the order shall become final.
(3) A hearing officer employed by a judicial district shall not practice family law before a conference officer, hearing officer or permanent or standing master employed by the same judicial district.
Official Note
Conference officers preside at office conferences under Rule 1910.11. Hearing officers preside at hearings under Rule 1910.12. The appointment of masters to hear actions in divorce or for annulment of marriage is authorized by Rule 1920.51.
(c)(1) Except as provided in subdivision (c)(2), promptly after conclusion of the conference, a party may move the court for a separate listing of the hearing where:
(i) there are complex questions of law, fact or both; or
(ii) the hearing will be protracted; or
(iii) the orderly administration of justice requires that the hearing be listed separately.
(2) Where the conference and hearing are scheduled on the same day, all requests for separate listing must be presented to the court at least seven days prior to the scheduled court date.
(3) If the motion for separate listing is granted, discovery shall be available in accordance with Rule 4001 et seq.
Official Note
The rule relating to discovery in domestic relations matters generally is Rule 1930.5.
(d) The hearing officer shall receive evidence, hear argument and file with the court a report containing a recommendation with respect to the entry of an order of support. The report may be in narrative form stating the reasons for the recommendation and shall include a proposed order substantially in the form set forth in Rule 1910.27(e) stating:
(1) the amount of support calculated in accordance with the guidelines;
(2) by and for whom it shall be paid; and
(3) the effective date of the order.
A copy of the report shall be furnished to all parties at the conclusion of the hearing.
(e) The court, without hearing the parties, shall enter an interim order consistent with the proposed order of the hearing officer. Each party shall be provided, either in person at the time of the hearing or by mail, with a copy of the interim order and written notice that any party may, within twenty days after the date of receipt or the date of mailing of the order, whichever occurs first, file with the domestic relations section written exceptions to the report of the hearing officer and interim order.
Official Note
Objections to the entry of an interim order consistent with the proposed order may be addressed pursuant to Rule 1910.26.
(f) Within twenty days after the date of receipt or the date of mailing of the report by the hearing officer, whichever occurs first, any party may file exceptions to the report or any part thereof, to rulings on objections to evidence, to statements or findings of facts, to conclusions of law, or to any other matters occurring during the hearing. Each exception shall set forth a separate objection precisely and without discussion. Matters not covered by exceptions are deemed waived unless, prior to entry of the final order, leave is granted to file exceptions raising those matters. If exceptions are filed, any other party may file exceptions within twenty days of the date of service of the original exceptions.
(g) If no exceptions are filed within the twenty-day period, the interim order shall constitute a final order.
(h) If exceptions are filed, the interim order shall continue in effect. The court shall hear argument on the exceptions and enter an appropriate final order substantially in the form set forth in Rule 1910.27(e) within sixty days from the date of the filing of exceptions to the interim order. No motion for post-trial relief may be filed to the final order.
Explanatory Comment1995 Language is added to subdivision (b) to acknowledge that the conference and hearing can be held on the same day, and to provide for the immediate entry of an interim order in judicial districts where the hearing occurs at a later date. New subdivision (b)(2) permits entry of a guideline order after a conference which the defendant, though properly served, fails to attend. New subdivision (c)(2) is intended to prevent delays in the hearing of complex cases by requiring that requests for separate listing be made at least seven days in advance where the conference and hearing are scheduled on the same day.
In addition, the phrase record hearing in subdivision (a) replaces the reference to a stenographic record in recognition of the variety of means available to create a reliable record of support proceedings.
Amended subdivision (e) allows an interim order to be entered and served on the parties at the conclusion of the hearing, rather than after the expiration of the exceptions period as was true under the old rule. In addition, the amended subdivision requires that the interim order include language advising the parties of their right to file exceptions within ten days of the date of the order.
Support payments are due and owing under the interim order which continues in effect until the court enters a final order after considering the parties exceptions. Therefore, extension of the deadline for entering the final order by fifteen days does not prejudice the persons dependent upon payment of the support.
Explanatory Comment2006 The time for filing exceptions has been expanded from ten to twenty days. The purpose of this amendment is to provide ample opportunity for litigants and counsel to receive notice of the entry of the order, to assure commonwealth-wide consistency in calculation of time for filing and to conform to applicable general civil procedural rules.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.12 adopted April 23, 1981, effective July 22, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 1625; amended October 19, 1983, effective January 1, 1984, 13 Pa.B. 3629; amended March 23, 1987, effective July 1, 1987, 17 Pa.B. 1499; amended November 7, 1988, effective January 1, 1989, 18 Pa.B. 5326; amended September 29, 1989, effective October 15, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 4451; corrected October 27, 1989, effective October 15, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 4603; amended March 30, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 1953; amended September 28, 1995, effective January 1, 1996, 25 Pa.B. 4095; amended May 5, 1997, effective July 1, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 2532; amended May 31, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155; amended August 8, 2006, effective immediately, 36 Pa.B. 4709. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (267735) to (267737).
Rule 1910.13. [Rescinded].
Source In 1988, Section 4342 of the Domestic Relations Code, 23 Pa.C.S. § 4342, was amended to require establishment of procedures for expedited contempt in support. Those procedures are set forth in new Rules 1910.13-1, 1910.13-2, and 1910.21-1 through 1910.21-7.
Former Rule 1910.13 provided for the issuance of a bench warrant for failure of a person to obey a court order other than an order for support. It is replaced with new Rule 1910.13-1 which sets forth detailed procedures for the issuance of a bench warrant, and new Rule 1910.13-2 which provides the associated forms. The new rules apply only to a party who fails to appear at a support conference or hearing as directed by an order of court.
An individual arrested pursuant to a bench warrant can be incarcerated for a period not to exceed seventy-two hours prior to hearing as set forth in new Rule 1910.13-1(d). Under the old rules, if the court was unavailable at the time of arrest, the individual could not be held. Therefore, law enforcement officials were unable to execute bench warrants in the evenings or on weekends, when their efforts were most likely to be successful. By limiting the possible period of incarceration to seventy-two hours, new Rule 1910.13-1(d) balances the need to bring parties before the court with the desire to avoid lengthy pre-hearing detention. Bail can be set by the court where appropriate, providing additional protection for the respondent.
Explanatory Comment1999 The rules of civil procedure governing service of original process and other legal papers have used the term competent adult. In certain circumstances, the term has been used with the restrictive language who is not a party to the action.
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has amended Definition Rule 76 by adding the following definition: competent adult means an individual eighteen years of age or older who is neither a party to the action nor an employee or a relative of a party. In view of this new definition, the rules of civil procedure which used the term competent adult who is not a party to the action have been amended by deleting as unnecessary the restrictive language who is not a party to the action. These rules using the term competent adult will be governed by the new definition. The rules which used the term competent adult without the restrictive language have been amended by deleting the word competent, thus continuing to permit service by an adult without further restriction.
Explanatory Comment2006 Beginning in 2006, bench warrants issued for failure to obey a court order to appear in a support matter will be available through the Judicial Network (JNET) system. JNET expands the capacity of law enforcement officers throughout the commonwealth to be informed of outstanding bench warrants issued by both the criminal and civil courts. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has promulgated new Pa.R.Crim.P. 150, effective August 1, 2006, which sets forth the procedure related to criminal bench warrants. The amendments to Rules 1910.13-1 and 1910.13-2 track the new criminal procedural rule so that bench warrant procedures will be uniform throughout the commonwealth. For additional information see the Criminal Procedural Rules Committees Final Report explaining new Pa.R.Crim.P. 150, published with the promulgation order at 36 Pa.B. 184 (January 14, 2006).
Source Act 207-2004 amended numerous titles of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes changing the title of district justice to magisterial district judge. The amendments to Rule 1910.13-2 reflect the change in title.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.13-2 adopted March 30, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 1949; amended May 14, 1999, effective July 1, 1999, 29 Pa.B. 2767; amended October 30, 2001, effective immediately, 31 Pa.B. 6273; amended May 9, 2005, effective immediately, 35 Pa.B. 2994; amended November 6, 2006, effective February 6, 2007, 36 Pa.B. 7110. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (311801) to (311803).
Rule 1910.14. Defendant Leaving Jurisdiction. Security.
The provisions of this Rule 1910.15 adopted April 23, 1981, effective July 22, 1981, 11 Pa.B. 1625; amended October 19, 1983, effective January 1, 1984, 13 Pa.B. 3629; amended March 30, 1994, effective July 1, 1994, 24 Pa.B. 1941 and 1953; amended March 24, 1997, effective July 1, 1997, 27 Pa.B. 1549; amended May 21, 2000, effective July 1, 2000, 30 Pa.B. 3155. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (256279) to (256280).
Rule 1910.16. Support Order. Allocation.
(a) In an order awarding child support and spousal support, the court may on its own motion or upon the motion of either party
(1) Make an unallocated award in favor of the spouse and one or more children, or
(2) State the amount of support allocable to the spouse and the amount allocable to each child.
Official Note
See 23 Pa.C.S. § 4348(d) for additional matters which must be specified in an order of support if arrearages exist when the order is entered.
(b) An unallocated order in favor of the spouse and one or more children shall be a final order as to all claims covered in the order. No motion for post-trial relief may be filed to the final order.
Official Note
The procedure relating to Motions for Reconsideration is set forth in Rule 1930.2.
Source Introduction. Pennsylvania law requires that child and spousal support be awarded pursuant to a statewide guideline. 23 Pa.C.S. § 4322(a). That statute further provides that the guideline shall be established by general rule by the Supreme Court, so that persons similarly situated shall be treated similarly. Id.
Pursuant to federal law, The Family Support Act of 1988 (P. L. 100-485, 102 Stat. 2343 (1988), 42 U.S.C. § 667(a), statewide support guidelines must be reviewed at least once every four years to ensure that their application results in the determination of appropriate child support award amounts. Federal regulations, 45 CFR 302.56, further require that such reviews include an assessment of the most recent economic data on child-rearing costs and a review of data from case files to assure that deviations from the guidelines are limited. The Pennsylvania statute also requires a review of the support guidelines every four years. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4322(a).
The Domestic Relations Procedural Rules Committee of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania began the mandated review process in early 2003. The committee was assisted in its work by Jane Venohr, Ph.D., an economist with Policy Studies, Inc., under contract with the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare. As a result of the review, the committee recommended to the Supreme Court several amendments to the statewide guidelines.
A. Income Shares Model. Pennsylvanias child support guidelines are based upon the Income Shares Model. That model was developed under the Child Support Guidelines Project funded by the U.S. Office of Child Support Enforcement and administered by the National Center for State Courts. The Guidelines Project Advisory Group recommended the Income Shares Model for state guidelines. At present, 33 states use the Income Shares Model as a basis for their child support guidelines.
The Income Shares Model is based upon the concept that the child of separated, divorced or never-married parents should receive the same proportion of parental income that she or he would have received if the parents lived together. A number of authoritative economic studies provide estimates of the average amount of household expenditures for children in intact households. These studies show that the proportion of household spending devoted to children is directly related to the level of household income and to the number of the children. The basic support amounts reflected in the schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 represent average marginal expenditures on children for food, housing, transportation, clothing and other miscellaneous items that are needed by children and provided by their parents, including the first $250 of unreimbursed medical expenses incurred annually per child.
1. Economic Measures. The support schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 is based upon child-rearing expenditures measured by David M. Betson, Ph.D., Professor of Economics, University of Notre Dame. Dr. Betsons measurements were developed for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for the explicit purpose of assisting states with the development and revision of child support guidelines. Dr. Betsons research was also used in developing the prior schedule, effective in April 1999. In 2001, Dr. Betson updated his estimates using data from the 1996-98 Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the current schedule, those figures were converted to 2003 price levels using the Consumer Price Index.
2. Source of Data. The estimates used to develop the schedule are based upon national data. The specific sources of the data are the periodic Consumer Expenditure Surveys. Those national surveys are used because they are the most detailed available source of data on household expenditures. The depth and quality of this information is simply not available at the state level and would be prohibitively costly to gather. However, according to the 2000 Census conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, the median Pennsylvania family income in 1999 was $49,184, while the national median family income was $50,046. Thus, using national data continues to be appropriate.
The U. S. Department of Agricultures Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP) also develops economic estimates for the major categories of child-rearing expenditures. Although the committee reviewed these estimates, it is not aware of any state that relies upon the CNPP estimates as a basis for its child support schedule.
B. Statutory Considerations. The Pennsylvania statute, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4322(a), provides:
Child and spousal support shall be awarded pursuant to a Statewide guideline as established by general rule by the Supreme Court, so that persons similarly situated shall be treated similarly. The guideline shall be based upon the reasonable needs of the child or spouse seeking support and the ability of the obligor to provide support. In determining the reasonable needs of the child or spouse seeking support and the ability of the obligor to provide support, the guideline shall place primary emphasis on the net incomes and earning capacities of the parties, with allowable deviations for unusual needs, extraordinary expenses and other factors, such as the parties assets, as warrant special attention. The guideline so developed shall be reviewed at least once every four years.
1. Reasonable Needs and Reasonable Ability to Provide Support. The guidelines make financial support of a child a primary obligation and assume that parties with similar net incomes will have similar reasonable and necessary expenses. After the basic needs of the parents have been met, the childs needs shall receive priority. The guidelines assume that if the obligors net income is at the poverty level, he or she is barely able to provide for his or her own basic needs. In those cases, therefore, the entry of a minimal order may be appropriate after considering the partys living expenses. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to enter a support order at all. In most cases, however, a partys living expenses are not relevant in determining his or her support obligation. Rather, as the statute requires, the obligation is based upon the reasonable needs of a dependent spouse or child and the reasonable ability of the obligor to pay.
2. Net Income. The guidelines use the net incomes of the parties and are based on the assumption that a childs reasonable needs increase as the combined net income of the childs parents increases. Each parent is required to contribute a share of the childs reasonable needs in proportion to that parents share of the combined net income. The custodial parent makes these contributions through direct expenditures for food, shelter, clothing, transportation and other reasonable needs. The non-custodial parent makes contributions through periodic support payments to the custodial parent. Rule 1910.16-2(d) has been amended to clarify the provisions relating to fluctuating income and earning capacity.
3. Allowable Deviations. The guidelines are designed to treat similarly situated parents, spouses and children in the same manner. However, when there are unavoidable differences, deviations must be made from the guidelines. Failure to deviate from these guidelines by considering a partys actual expenditures where there are special needs and special circumstances constitutes a misapplication of the guidelines.
C. Child Support Schedule. The child support schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 has been amended to reflect updated economic data, as required by federal and state law, to ensure that children continue to receive adequate levels of support. At some income levels the presumptive amount of support has increased from the previous schedule, and at some income levels it has decreased. The economic data support the revised schedule. The support amounts in the schedule have been expanded to apply to a combined net monthly income of $20,000 and remain statistically valid.
D. Self-Support Reserve (SSR). The amended schedule also incorporates an increase in the Self-Support Reserve or SSR from $550 per month to $748 per month, the 2003 federal poverty level for one person. Formerly designated as the Computed Allowance Minimum or CAM, the Self-Support Reserve, as it is termed in most other states guidelines, is intended to assure that low-income obligors retain sufficient income to meet their own basic needs, as well as to maintain the incentive to continue employment. The SSR is built into the schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 and adjusts the basic support obligation to prevent the obligors net income from falling below $748 per month. Because the schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 applies to child support only, Rule 1910.16-2(e)(1)(B) provides for a similar adjustment in spousal support and alimony pendente lite cases to assure that the obligor retains a minimum of $748 per month.
E. Shared Custody. Prior to the amendments effective in April of 1999, there was no formula or procedure for deviating from the basic support guidelines when custody was shared equally or the non-custodial parent has substantial partial custody. Prior to 1999, the guidelines provided that the obligors support obligation should be reduced only if he or she spent an unusual amount of time with the children.
As part of the review process that resulted in the 1999 amendments, the committee considered the practices of several other jurisdictions and ultimately selected a method which gave some recognition to the shift in child-related expenditures that occurs when the obligor spends a substantial amount of time with the children. While recognizing that it was not a perfect solution to the problem of establishing support obligations in the context of substantial or shared custody, it was preferable to the diverse offset methods which had been developed by local courts. Its chief advantage was that it provided statewide uniformity and avoided a sharp reduction in the obligation at certain thresholds. These amendments do not change that rule.
F. Child Care Expenses. Rule 1910.16-6(a) has been amended to provide that child care expenses incurred by both parties shall be apportioned between the parties in recognition of the fact that a non-custodial parent may also incur such expenses during his or her custodial periods with the children.
G. Other Amendments. All of the examples in the guidelines have been updated to reflect the changes to the basic child support schedule. Prior explanatory comments have been deleted or revised and incorporated into new comments.
Source Subdivision (a) addresses gross income for purposes of calculating the support obligation by reference to the statutory definition at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4322. Subdivision (b) provides for the treatment of public assistance, SSI benefits and Social Security derivative benefits.
Subdivision (c) sets forth the exclusive list of the deductions that may be taken from gross income in arriving at a partys net income. When the cost of health insurance premiums is treated as an additional expense subject to allocation between the parties under Rule 1910.16-6, it is not deductible from gross income. However, part or all of the cost of health insurance premiums may be deducted from the obligors gross income pursuant to Rule 1910.16-6(b) in cases in which the obligor is paying the premiums and the obligee has no income or minimal income. Subdivision (c) relates to awards of spousal support or alimony pendente lite when there are multiple families. In these cases, a partys net income must be reduced to account for his or her child support obligations, as well as any pre-existing spousal support, alimony pendente lite or alimony obligations being paid to former spouses who are not the subject of the support action.
Subdivision (d) has been amended to clarify the distinction between voluntary and involuntary changes in income. Since the payment of support is a priority, subsection (1) reflects current case law which, for example, holds that a partys decision to forego current employment in order to further his or her education should be treated no differently than a decision to change jobs or occupations which results in a lower income. Kersey v. Jefferson, 791 A.2d 419 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2002); Grimes v. Grimes, 596 A.2d 240 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1991).
Subdivision (e) has been amended to reflect the updated schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 and the increase in the Self-Support Reserve (SSR), formerly referred to as the Computed Allowance Minimum (CAM). The schedule now applies to all cases in which the parties combined net monthly income is $20,000 or less. The upper income limit of the prior schedule was only $15,000. The amount of support at each income level of the schedule also has changed, so the examples in Rule 1910.16-2 were revised to be consistent with the new support amounts.
The SSR is intended to assure that obligors with low incomes retain sufficient income to meet their basic needs and to maintain the incentive to continue employment. When the obligors net monthly income or earning capacity falls into the shaded area of the schedule, the basic child support obligation can be derived directly from the schedule in Rule 1910.16-3. There is no need to use the formula in Rule 1910.16-4 to calculate the obligors support obligation because the SSR keeps the amount of the obligation the same regardless of the obligees income. The obligees income may be a relevant factor, however, in determining whether to deviate from the basic guideline obligation pursuant to Rule 1910.16-5 and in considering whether to require the obligor to contribute to any additional expenses under Rule 1910.16-6.
Since the schedule in Rule 1910.16-3 sets forth basic child support only, subdivision (e)(1)(B) is necessary to reflect the operation of the SSR in spousal support and alimony pendente lite cases. It adjusts the basic guideline obligation, which would otherwise be calculated under the formula in Rule 1910.16-4, so that the obligors income does not fall below the SSR amount in these cases.
Previously, the CAM required that the obligor retain at least $550 per month. The SSR now requires that the obligor retain income of at least $748 per month, an amount equal to the 2003 federal poverty level for one person. When the obligors monthly net income is less than $748, subsection (e)(1)(C) provides that the court must consider the parties actual living expenses before awarding support. The guidelines assume that at this income level the obligor is barely able to meet basic personal needs. In these cases, therefore, entry of a minimal order may be appropriate. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to order support at all.
The schedule at Rule 1910.16-3 sets forth the presumptive amount of basic child support to be awarded. If the circumstances warrant, the court may deviate from that amount under Rule 1910.16-5 and may also consider a partys contribution to additional expenses, which are typically added to the basic amount of support under Rule 1910.16-6. If, for example, the obligor earns only $800 per month but is living with his or her parents, or has remarried and is living with a fully-employed spouse, the court may consider an upward deviation under Rule 1910.16-5(b)(3) and/or may order the party to contribute to the additional expenses under Rule 1910.16-6. Consistent with the goals of the SSR, however, the court should ensure that the overall support obligation leaves the obligor with sufficient income to meet basic personal needs and to maintain the incentive to continue working so that support can be paid.
Subdivision (e) also reflects the limited application of Melzer v. Witsberger, 505 Pa. 462, 480 A.2d 991 (1984), to cases in which the guidelines cannot be used to establish the child support obligation because the parties combined income exceeds $20,000 per month. The court must establish a presumptive minimum amount of child support using the guidelines to arrive at that amount. The formula for calculating the presumptive minimum amount provides that the parties percentage shares should be calculated using their actual combined income rather than the theoretical combined income of only $20,000. In considering whether to award an additional amount of child support, the court must apply the factors set forth in Melzer to all of the parties combined income, not just the amount over $20,000 per month. It would be improper to apply the formula in Rule 1910.16-4 to the amount of the parties combined income which exceeds $20,000 per month and award the obligors percentage share as additional support. Additional support, if any, may be more or less than the percentage share and must be determined, therefore, in accordance with the factors set forth in Melzer. The presumptive minimum shall apply even if the Melzer analysis results in a lower amount.
Source The provisions of this Rule 1910.16-2 adopted September 29, 1989, effective September 30, 1989, 19 Pa.B. 4151; rescinded and replaced January 27, 1993, effective immediately, 23 Pa.B. 701; amended December 7, 1998, effective April 1, 1999, 28 Pa.B. 6162; amended October 27, 2000, effective immediately, 30 Pa.B. 5837; amended October 30, 2001, effective immediately, 31 Pa.B. 6273; amended November 9, 2004, effective immediately, 34 Pa.B. 6315; amended September 27, 2005, effective four months from date of this order, 35 Pa.B. 5643. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (308227) to (308231) and (308233).
Rule 1910.16-3. Support Guidelines. Basic Child Support Schedule.
The following schedule sets forth the amounts spent on children in intact families by combined income and number of children. Combined income is on the vertical axis of the schedule and number of children is on the horizontal axis of the schedule. This schedule is used to find the basic child support obligation. Unless otherwise provided in these rules, the obligors share of the basic support obligation shall be computed using the formula set forth in Part I of Rule 1910.16-4.
Monthly Basic Child Support Schedule COMBINED ADJUSTED NET
INCOMEONE
CHILDTWO CHILDREN THREE CHILDREN FOUR CHILDREN FIVE CHILDREN SIX CHILDREN 0-800 50 50 50 50 50 50 850 92 93 94 95 96 97 900 137 138 140 141 143 144 950 182 184 186 188 190 192 1000 227 229 232 234 237 239 1050 271 275 278 281 284 287 1100 284 320 324 327 331 334 1150 296 366 370 374 378 382 1200 309 411 416 420 425 429 1250 322 455 462 467 472 477 1300 335 472 508 513 519 524 1350 348 490 554 560 566 572 1400 360 508 589 606 613 619 1450 373 526 610 653 660 667 1500 386 544 630 699 707 714 1550 397 560 648 723 754 762 1600 409 575 666 743 801 809 1650 421 591 684 763 839 857 1700 432 607 702 783 861 904 1750 444 623 720 803 883 952 1800 455 638 738 822 905 984 1850 467 654 756 842 927 1008 1900 479 670 773 862 949 1032 1950 490 685 790 881 969 1055 2000 501 700 807 900 990 1077 2050 512 715 824 918 1010 1099 2100 523 729 840 937 1031 1121 2150 534 744 857 955 1051 1143 2200 545 759 873 974 1071 1166 2250 557 774 890 992 1092 1188 2300 568 789 907 1011 1112 1210 2350 579 804 924 1030 1133 1233 2400 591 820 942 1051 1156 1257 2450 603 837 961 1071 1179 1282 2500 615 853 979 1092 1201 1307 2550 626 869 998 1113 1224 1332 2600 638 886 1017 1134 1247 1357 2650 650 902 1035 1154 1270 1381 2700 662 918 1054 1175 1292 1406 2750 674 935 1072 1196 1315 1431 2800 684 949 1088 12